The focus of the article is the protection of the rights of crime victims in the Netherlands. The goal of the research is to explain the comprehensiveness of reforms (from 1980) and demonstrate ...examples of good practice (related to harmonization with the Victims' Rights Directives 2012/29EU). Permanent reforms overcame the passive role of the victim in the criminal procedure where the special rights of victim are guaranteed. The victim becomes the central figure of the criminal justice system. The author points out special solutions in Dutch law, such as victim's right to speak to the court (pointing out to the consequences of victimization etc.), mediation, transactio (diversion in criminal process), compensation order, "advance arrangement" for payment victim's claim by the Central Fine Collection Agency, if it is not paid within the given time. The procedure of compensation from the Criminal Injuries Compensation Fund is described. It is crucial to establish an effective organizational framework for the realization of victim's rights, suited to the needs of a concrete society.
This paper analyzes the most important documents of the United Nations, Council of Europe and the European Union relating to rights to damage compensation (restitution from offender and state ...compensation). The analysis shows that there is a gradual move from the concept of exercising the rights of victims in favor of a solidaristic model that takes less into account the rights of victims, and more the need to satisfy their legitimate interests. The economic crisis that is undermining the foundations of the welfare state could jeopardize the realization of this concept, especially in those European countries where the criminal justice system focuses solely on the offender, as is the case in Serbia. In such circumstances, regulation which protects the right to compensation, other rights and interests of victims, shall apply only to the extent that serves crime prevention. So it happens that in spite of a suitable normative framework and developments regarding the protection of victims of domestic violence and trafficking, the right to compensation and other rights of the victims do not actually get actualized in practice. In order to overcome this, a systemic reform to the criminal justice system should be undertaken with the aim to redirect the system towards the victim of the offense. Within these reforms a public fund for compensation of the victims of violence should be established and the process of mediation between the victim and the offender with the goal to make a settlement should be regulated, because these mechanisms do not exist in Serbia.
Autorka kritikuje koncept doživotnog zatvaranja „za ceo život” iz aspekta evropskih standarda zaštite prava lica lišenih slobode. Cilj rada jeste doprinos kritici zakonskih rešenja u Srbiji, u kojoj ...je kazna doživotnog zatvora uvedena 2019. godine, a nije propisan način izvršenja. Doživotno osuđenim za određena krivična dela zabranjuje se uslovni otpust. Suprotno tome, relevantni akti Saveta Evrope i praksa Evropskog suda za ljudska prava (ECHR) pokazuju da princip reintegracije u društvo doživotnih zatvorenika mora biti obezbeđen u nacionalnom sistemu izvršenja, inače se rizikuje povreda čl. 3 Evropske konvencije. Država članica ima obavezu da doživotne zatvorenike uključi u rehabilitacioni tretman, kao i da predvidi i primeni mehanizme za skraćenje kazne. Na primerima iz Italije i Holandije autorka ispituje okolnosti zbog kojih izvršenje doživotnog zatvora nije doseglo standarde ECHR. Na taj način skreće se pažnja zakonodavcu u Srbiji da princip rehabilitacije ne sme biti zanemaren čak i kada postoji potreba da se na kriminalitet reagujenajstrože, doživotnom kaznom zatvora.
The author criticizes the concept of whole life sentence from the aspect of the European standards of protection of the rights of persons deprived of their liberty. The aim of the paper is to ...contribute scientific critique of new solutions on life imprisonment in Serbian Criminal legislations, because the life imprisonment was introduced in 2019, but the conditions on serving the sentence are not prescribed. Conditional release of convict for certain serious crimes are forbidden. On the contrary, the relevant acts of the Council of Europe and the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) show that the principle of social reintegration of offenders must be ensured in the national enforcement system, otherwise there is a risk of violating Art. 3 of the European Convention. The state has an obligation to include lifelong prisoners in prison rehabilitation programs, as well as establish and use mechanism to reduce sentences. Using examples from Italy and the Netherlands, the author examines the circumstances due to which the standards of ECHR of execution of life imprisonment in those countries have not been reached. In that way, the attention of the legislator in Serbia is drawn to the fact that the principle of effective offender’s rehabilitation (also his right of rehabilitation) must not be neglected even when the crime needs to be reacted to the strongest sanctions, with a lifelong imprisonment.
The author criticizes the concept of whole life sentence from the aspect of the European standards of protection of the rights of persons deprived of their liberty. The aim of the paper is to ...contribute scientific critique of new solutions on life imprisonment in Serbian Criminal legislations, because the life imprisonment was introduced in 2019, but the conditions on serving the sentence are not prescribed. Conditional release of convict for certain serious crimes are forbidden. On the contrary, the relevant acts of the Council of Europe and the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) show that the principle of social reintegration of offenders must be ensured in the national enforcement system, otherwise there is a risk of violating Art. 3 of the European Convention. The state has an obligation to include lifelong prisoners in prison rehabilitation programs, as well as establish and use mechanism to reduce sentences. Using examples from Italy and the Netherlands, the author examines the circumstances due to which the standards of ECHR of execution of life imprisonment in those countries have not been reached. In that way, the attention of the legislator in Serbia is drawn to the fact that the principle of effective offender's rehabilitation (also his right of rehabilitation) must not be neglected even when the crime needs to be reacted to the strongest sanctions, with a lifelong imprisonment.
In penal law, persons with mental disorders most often receive attention as potential perpetrators of criminal acts. Persons who commit unlawful act provided under law as a criminal offence in the ...state of mental incompetence are subjected to a primary sanction - security measure of compulsory psychiatric treatment and confinement in a medical institution. This measure, as well as the security measure of compulsory psychiatric treatment at liberty may be also ordered to a person who committed a criminal offence in a state of substantially impaired mental capacity. In the new Serbian Penal Code 2005 few changes has been done respecting the conditions for imposing the security measures of compulsory psychiatric treatment and confinement in a medical institution and compulsory treatment at liberty, even though these provisions needed to be brought into accord with the changed concept of guilt. Especially, these changes are not properly expressed in the new Code of Criminal Procedure (special procedure for application of security measures). It is therefore even more distinct the contradictory position of a mentally incompetent person accused of a crime. One way of solving this issue, supported by the author, includes a separate legislation on protection of persons with mental disorders (including those persons who, in the state of mental incompetence, commit unlawful acts provided under law as criminal offences). The position of persons in the state of substantially impaired mental capacity does not need necessarily to be changed, since their guilt is not excluded. The entire complexity of protection of these persons? human rights is additionally pointed out in the section referring to execution of security measure of compulsory treatment and confinement in a medical institution, which naturally includes deprivation of liberty and compulsory psychiatric treatment.
Sa stanovista krivicnog prava lica sa mentalnim poremecajima izazivaju interesovanje najcesce kao moguci ucinioci krivicnih dela. Ako se radi o licima za koja se u krivicnom postupku ustanovi da su u neuracunljivom stanju izvrsila protivpravno delo sa obelezjima krivicnog dela, prema njima se kao osnovna sankcija moze izreci mera bezbednosti obaveznog psihijatrijskog lecenja i cuvanja u zdravstvenoj ustanovi. Takodje, ova sankcija ili druga mera obaveznog psihijatrijskog lecenja na slobodi moze se izreci prema licu u stanju bitno smanjene uracunljivosti. U novom Krivicnom zakoniku Republike Srbije iz 2005. godine ucinjene su neznatne izmene u pogledu uslova za izricanje mera bezbednosti psihijatrijskog lecenja i cuvanja u zdravstvenoj ustanovi i lecenja na slobodi, iako je bilo neophodno uskladiti ova resenja sa promenjenim konceptom krivice. Pogotovo ove izmene nisu dosle do izrazaja u Zakoniku u krivicnom postupku (poseban postupak za izricanje mera bezbednosti). Zbog toga se u jos vecoj meri uocava protivrecnost u polozaju neuracunljivog lica optuzenog za izvrsenje krivicnog dela. Jedan od nacina razresenja ovog problema, za koji se zalaze autorka, jeste odvojeno zakonsko regulisanje zastite mentalnih bolesnika (ukljucujuci tu i lica koja u neuracunljivom stanju ucine delo sa obelezjima krivicnih dela). Polozaj bitno smanjeno uracunljivih lica, buduci da njihova krivica nije iskljucena, ne mora se menjati. Na svu osetljivost zastite ljudskih prava ovih lica autorka dodatno ukazuje u delu rada koji se tice izvrsenja mere bezbednosti obaveznog lecenja i cuvanja u zdravstvenoj ustanovi, koja po svojoj prirodi ukljucuje lisenje slobode i prinudno psihijatrijsko lecenje.
In this paper the cases from the practice of criminal courts in Serbia during 2004 are analyzed. On the basis of findings from monitoring of trials the author argues that incorrect media reporting ...has negative consequences on the right to fair trial political manipulation of media and biased and sensationalistic reporting are stressed. As a possible solution the author suggests education and restricted access to information during pre-trial procedure.
U radu se navode primeri iz prakse sudova sa podrucja Srbije (u toku 2004 godine), i na osnovu objavljenih rezultata posmatranja krivicnih postupaka autorka konstatuje da netacno medijsko izvestavanje ima neminovnih posledica po pravo na pravicno sudjenje. Ona razlikuje dve pojave, razlicite po ciljevima, ali iste po posledicama: manipulaciju medijima (kojima se poverava prenosenje netacnih informacija) i senzacionalisticko, netacno ili pristrasno medijsko izvestavanje. Kao najjednostavnije nacine sprecavanja ovih pojava predlaze edukaciju medija i ogranicen pristup informacijama u fazi pretkrivicnog i prethodnog krivicnog postupka.
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