Prolonged exposure, or adaptation, to a stimulus in 1 modality can bias, but also enhance, perception of a subsequent stimulus presented within the same modality. However, recent research has also ...found that adaptation in 1 modality can bias perception in another modality. Here, we show a novel crossmodal adaptation effect, where adaptation to a visual stimulus enhances subsequent auditory perception. We found that when compared to no adaptation, prior adaptation to visual, auditory, or audiovisual hand actions enhanced discrimination between 2 subsequently presented hand action sounds. Discrimination was most enhanced when the visual action “matched” the auditory action. In addition, prior adaptation to a visual, auditory, or audiovisual action caused subsequent ambiguous action sounds to be perceived as less like the adaptor. In contrast, these crossmodal action aftereffects were not generated by adaptation to the names of actions. Enhanced crossmodal discrimination and crossmodal perceptual aftereffects may result from separate mechanisms operating in audiovisual action sensitive neurons within perceptual systems. Adaptation-induced crossmodal enhancements cannot be explained by postperceptual responses or decisions. More generally, these results together indicate that adaptation is a ubiquitous mechanism for optimizing perceptual processing of multisensory stimuli.
Summary
Objectives
To determine whether the oxidative stress transmitted to newly grown hair from an unhealthy scalp has physical consequences to the cuticular condition and function.
Methods
A ...uniquely designed 24‐week clinical study included 8 weeks of pretreatment with a cosmetic shampoo and 16 weeks of treatment with either a potentiated zinc pyrithione (ZPT) antidandruff shampoo or a placebo cosmetic shampoo. This clinical design allowed the growth and acquisition of hair samples under conditions of varying but known scalp health as a result of treating a dandruff/seborrheic dermatitis (D/SD) population. Two complementary methods were used to characterize the integrity of the cuticular surface. Hair surface hydrophobicity was assessed by quantifying water wetting force using a Wilhelmy balance method. Surface structure and porosity were assessed using dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) to gravimetrically quantify water sorption.
Results
Chemical oxidative stress to pre‐emergent hair has been shown to have negative consequences to hair surface structure. Compared to a placebo shampoo control, use of a potentiated ZPT shampoo improved scalp health and significantly improved the following attributes associated with healthy hair: hair surface hydrophobicity (surface energy) and cuticular moisture barrier effectiveness (dynamic vapor sorption).
Conclusions
Pre‐emergent hair can be negatively impacted by the oxidative stress that occurs with an unhealthy scalp, possibly due to metabolic activity of resident microbes. Manifestations of the oxidative stress include altered cuticle surface properties that are responsible for its protective function; these effects are similar in type to those observed by bleaching post‐emergent hair. These alterations have the potential to make the hair, once emerged from the scalp, more susceptible to the cumulative physical and chemical insults responsible for hair feel and look, fiber integrity, and overall retention.
The Shadow and the Counsellor introduces the concept of shadow, the darker side to ourselves that we do not wish to acknowledge, or do not even recognise. It examines how it comes into being and ...explores its impact within counselling. The Shadow and the Counsellor is structured around a six stage model which is designed to help the counsellor recognise, confront and deal with their 'shadow' side. This can then be a framework for reflection and practical action. With case studies including short clinical examples to longer examples running through the book, this will give counsellors a new way of approaching their practice.
We assessed the overall incidence and duration of ICU admission following pulmonary resection and attempted to identify patients requiring prolonged ICU stay.
Analysis of prospectively collected data ...on all patients undergoing pulmonary resection for suspected malignant disease that subsequently required ICU admission between March 2002 and October 2003.
Of 170 patients 52 (30%) needed intensive care post-operatively: 21 (12%) for less than 24 h and 31 (18%) for more, for which group the average length of stay was 11.3 days. There was no significant difference between the patient groups at ICU admission in terms of median APACHE II scores (12 vs. 14), gas exchange (PaO2/FIO2, 441 vs. 364 mmHg), estimated post-operative absolute FEV1 (1.62 vs. 1.31 l) or predicted percentage FEV1 (61.8% vs. 44.3%). Mean ICU cost was 1,838 sterling pounds vs. 25,974 sterling pounds per admission, respectively.
Following pulmonary resection some 18% of patients need a protracted ICU stay at considerable cost. Neither severity of illness scoring, indices of gas exchange at ICU admission, nor predicted post-operative FEV1 identifies such patients.
Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) is a recognized feature in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, but can occur in other clinical scenarios such as acute myocardial ischemia. In some ...patients, LVOTO may only be detectable with provocation testing such as exercise stress. Accurate and timely diagnosis, therefore, relies on recognizing an echocardiographic substrate in which LVOTO may occur, such as ventricular hypertrophy. The investigators describe two cases of latent LVOTO, presenting with acute myocardial ischemia in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease, in which the diagnosis was delayed because of the absence of hypertrophy, or other recognizable substrate, on the resting echocardiographic study, but became evident during exercise echocardiography.
During Nigeria’s decolonization, Swiss traders and diplomats, aware of the exceptional potential for growth, attentively observed this new market for possible business opportunities. This book ...focuses on multinational companies, diplomats, development cooperation actors and public opinion: it analyses underlying motivations and means, as well as the implications of their activities.
Analyser les rapports économiques et diplomatiques entre le Nigeria et la Suisse revient à se pencher sur des mécanismes peu connus de la globalisation: ceux d’une relation Nord-Sud entre deux puissances moyennes et non coloniales. Pays le plus peuplé d’Afrique, le Nigeria semblait en passe de devenir, à l’aube de son indépendance, une puissance économique continentale. La Suisse, comme d’autres pays, espérait profiter de ce vaste marché promis à une expansion rapide. Entreprises multinationales, diplomates et coopérants au développement sont au centre de cet ouvrage, qui s’interroge sur les motivations, les moyens mis en œuvre et les impacts des activités de chacun. S’y ajoutent des citoyens suisses de tous âges et de tous milieux qui, bouleversés par les images télévisées d’enfants squelettiques durant la « Guerre du Biafra » en 1968, entreprirent des collectes de fonds et firent pression sur leur gouvernement pour qu’il intervienne. Ce livre donne une profondeur éclairante aux relations Suisse – Nigeria, récemment médiatisées sur leurs aspects migratoires, ou sur les pratiques opaques de négociants en pétrole établis en Suisse.
During Nigeria’s decolonization, Swiss traders and diplomats, aware of the exceptional potential for growth, attentively observed this new market for possible business opportunities. This book ...focuses on multinational companies, diplomats, development cooperation actors and public opinion: it analyses underlying motivations and means, as well as the implications of their activities.
En analysant la politique et les relations étrangères, de même que les représentations du Nigeria dans les domaines de la migration, de l’économie et du maintien de la paix, cet article pose la ...question de savoir si la démocratisation en cours donnera au Nigeria les moyens de s’affirmer comme une grande puissance africaine. Les conflits locaux débordant les frontières se nourrissent en premier lieu de déficiences institutionnelles de l’État nigérian. Tant que ces déficiences favorisent l’opacité et la corruption, dont plus d’une multinationale s’accommode, la population bénéficie peu des rapports économiques avec l’étranger et l’aspiration à un meilleur futur outre-mer reste largement partagée. On ne peut prédire quand les projets de pax nigeriana et de rayonnement économique gagneront en crédibilité, mais récemment plusieurs progrès en matière de gouvernance ont permis de surmonter des problèmes jusque-là attribués à la culture locale.
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Many studies on the deformation of soft films by liquids confirmed the increase in the radius of the deformation and the decrease in the apparent contact angle. However, due to the ...thinness, the dynamics of the deformation could not be observed until the thermodynamic equilibrium. Thus, the dynamics on thick soft materials was studied until equilibrium to contrast the effect of different interfacial energy between different soft materials and water. Therefore, we prepared two different polymeric fluids with similar rheology by cross-linking monomers, yet with different contact angles with water. Sometime after water droplets were placed on these thick polymers, 3D profiles of the deformation were recorded. Though the effect of the surface tension was not verified, the same trend in the dynamics was observed as with thin films, except for the decrease in the radius after the initial increase. The three-phase boundaries (TPBs) were found not at the apex of the ridges formed during the transition to equilibrium. By calculating the surface tensions and angles of each interface at the equilibrium, we found that the temporary imbalance among surface tensions induced the slip of the TPBs toward the center of water droplets, thus dislocating the TPBs and decreasing the radius.
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