Poultry meat samples from Slovenian retail market were examined for the presence of thermotolerant campylobacters. The isolates were identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. ISO 10272 ...recommendations were followed for phenotypic identification. Different PCR assays, targeting species specific DNA regions in C. jejuni and C. coli, were checked for their applicability in identification. High degree of tested samples was positive (27/33), with significant proportion of C. coli (32 %) among identified strains. High percentage of C. jejuni strains (54 %) were hippurate negative. Phenotypic identification was therefore found to be inconvenient because of the presence of the strains with atypical phenotype and possible misinterpretation of test results. Multiplex PCR, targeting hippuricase gene in C. jejuni and species specific region in C. coli, was found to be an efficient method that allowed fast, simple and accurate identification of C. jejuni and C. coli. FlaA PCR is a reliable method to identify the group C. jejuni/C. coli, but it does not differentiate between the two species. CdtB PCR is inconvenient because of many false negative and some false positive results.
Macrolides and fluoroquinolones are regarded as drugs of choice for the treatment of human Campylobacter infections. The use of antimicrobials for this purpose as well as in food animal production ...has resulted in the resistance of Campylobacter spp. to selected antibiotics. Since poultry is one of the most important sources of human Campylobacter infections the use of antibiotics in animal production can shorten the effective therapeutic life of antibiotics for human use. During 2001-2003, over 220 strains of C. jejuni and C. coli were isolated from 60 poultry meat samples from the retail market in Slovenia and further characterized by phenotypic and molecular methods. In this study, 55 sample-representative strains were tested for susceptibility to eight different antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, pefloxacin and tetracycline). Phenotypic procedures (disc diffusion test, E-test) as well as molecular detection of mutations (mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)) in case of ciprofloxacin resistance were used. When assuming the results about antibiotic resistance, only 38.2% of strains tested were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. Regarding ciprofloxacin, 58.2% of tested strains were found to be resistant (minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC>4 microg/mL). The occurrence of resistance was much higher in C. coli (75.9%) than in C. jejuni (38.5%) isolates. The resistance rates to pefloxacin, nalidixic acid, erythromycin and tetracycline were 58.2, 49.1, 14.5 and 12.7%, respectively. Eleven percent of strains were resistant to erythromycin and ciprofloxacin and 12.7% of strains were resistant to tetracycline and quinolones. The results show the need for monitoring the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of zoonotic bacteria such as Campylobacter as well as the multiresistance phenomenon of Campylobacter isolates from food in our country.
V različnih prostorih na fakulteti in v zdravstvenem domu smo ocenili bioaerosole. Za vzorčenje bioaerosolov smo uporabili vzorčevalec Mas-100. Na fakulteti je bila v zraku določena povprečna ...koncentracija bakterij 423±842 cfu/m3 in povprečna koncentracija plesni 142±374 cfu/m3. Glede na rezultate o povprečni koncentraciji bioaerosolov in identifikaciji glavnih rodov plesni sta bila kot neustrezna določena le dva od 26 preiskanih prostorov. Statistično značilna korelacija je bila določena med koncentracijo bakterij in številom ljudi v posameznem prostoru. V zdravstvenem domu je bila povprečna koncentracija bakterij 405±206 cfu/m3 in povprečna koncentracija plesni 73±56 cfu/m3. Koncentracije bioaerosolov določene v zdravstvenem domu, ki ima umeten način prezračevanja (sistem HVAC), se statistično niso razlikovale od koncentracij bioaerosolov na fakulteti. Ker je bilo v zdravstvenem domu vzorčeno le omejeno število bioaerosolov, bi bile nujne dodatne preiskave za ocenitev delovanja sistema HVAC.
Aim To compare the frequency of isolation and occurrence of antimicrobialresistance among C. jejuni and C. coli isolated in humans,retail poultry meat and poultry.Methods Fifty-three human, 52 retail ...poultry meat and 15 poultryCampylobacter jejuni/coli isolates were investigated for antibioticsusceptibility to eight antimicrobials by disk-diffusion method.Erythromycin and ciprofloxacin susceptibility were further determinedby E-test, and additionally the MICs of erythromycinand ciprofloxacin were determined using the broth microdilutionmethod.Results Prevalence of C. coli in humans, retail poultry meat andpoultry was 28.3%, 56.9% and 53.3%, respectively. No significantdifferences were found in the overall resistance rates between C.jejuni and C. coli isolated from all three sources (p>0.05). Erythromycinand ciprofloxacin resistance was high and similar in humans,retail poultry meat and poultry (26.4%, 35.3%, 26.7%, and32.1%, 23.5%, 26.7%, respectively) (p>0.05). C. jejuni displayedhigher prevalence of resistance to erythromycin than C. coli inall investigated sources (p>0.05). All ciprofloxacin and 94.4% oferythromycin positive isolates were highly resistant (≥ 32 μg/mLand ≥128 μg/mL, respectively).Conclusion The high prevalence of C. coli isolates from humans,poultry meat and poultry and higher both overall and erythromycin-resistance in C. jejuni than in C. coli isolates suggests that theremay be a common source in the environment, which might be absentin other geographical regions. Further studies are requiredto determine the role of efflux mechanism in erythromycin- andciprofloxacin-resistance related to the level of resistance.
The aim of this study was the assessment of bioaerosols in different indoor environments. The study was performed using volumetric culture plate air sampling to determine the concentration of viable ...bioaerosols. The results revealed that 60.9% of air samples from public places and all air samples collected in food processing plants had unacceptable levels of micro-organisms. This was based on a suggested standard which proposes that concentrations of viable micro-organisms should be no higher than 300 CFU · m-3. More detailed study of the bioaerosols collected showed that the main parameters of interest for indoor air quality were fungi and further characterization allowed identification of the genera present in a particular place. Acceptable indoor air quality, by the above standard, was found at a university faculty, in a fast food restaurant, a cultural centre, a health centre and a hospital, while it was not acceptable in meat-, mustard-, olive- and infant food-processing plants because the concentrations of moulds were higher than 150 CFU· m -3 and the predominant genus identified was Penicillium.
To investigate genetic diversity and specificity of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains isolated from humans, retail poultry meat, and live farm chickens in Zenica-Doboj Canton, ...Bosnia and Herzegovina, and identify the role of poultry meat in sporadic Campylobacter infections.
We determined the type of Campylobacter species using standard microbiological methods and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and performed pulsed field gel-electrophoresis (PFGE) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing of the flaA gene to investigate genetic diversity among the isolates.
We isolated C jejuni and C coli from 75 (5.2%) of 1453 samples of consecutive outpatients with sporadic diarrhea; from 51 (34.7%) of 147 samples of poultry meat; and from 15 out of 23 farm chicken samples. The proportion of C coli found among human (30.1%), poultry meat (56.9%), and farm chicken isolates (53.3%), was greater than the proportion of C jejuni. Fourteen and 24 PFGE genotypes were identified among 20 C coli and 37 C jejuni isolates, respectively. Identical PFGE genotypes were found in two cases of human and poultry meat isolates and two cases of poultry meat and farm chicken isolates.
Only a minority of human Campylobacter isolates shared identical PFGE type with poultry meat isolates. Although poultry is the source of a certain number of human infections, there may be other more important sources. Further research is required to identify the environmental reservoir of Campylobacter spp responsible for causing human disease and the reason for the high prevalence of C coli human infections in this region.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The restriction fragments polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA and the PCR fragment that comprised the internal transcribes spacers and the 5.8S rRNA gene, together with the electrophoretic ...karyotypes of 40 strains from the 10 species of the genus
Zygosaccharomyces, including the new species
Z. lentus were examined. The RFLPs of the ITS-5.8S region showed a specific restriction pattern for each species, including the new species
Z. lentus. The only exception were the species
Z. cidri and
Z. fermentati that produced identical restriction profiles. The electrophoretic chromosome patterns confirmed the differences between the species of this genus, including the phylogenetic closest species
Z. cidri and
Z. fermentati. They present few chromosomes ranging from 3 bands (4 or 5 chromosomes) for
Z. florentinus to 7 bands (8 to 10 chromosomes) for
Z. cidri and
Z. fermentati. The strain level resolution power of RFLP's of mtDNA of this genus enabled the characterisation of strains from the same species, even where they are isolated from the same substrate. However, in the cases of
Z. bailii and
Z. lentus, electrophoretic karyotyping there was considerable variation.
Campylobacter jejuni is a food-borne pathogen that causes diarrheal diseases in humans and animals. Still unknown mechanisms allow the cells to overcome significant stresses despite the absence of ...several traditional stress response genes. C. jejuni is problematic because of its ability to adapt and survive in various conditions of extraintestinal environment, common to food production and supply chain. The authors demonstrated that preliminary exposure to 25 °C did not influence the heat resistance of C. jejuni cells at 55 °C. In addition, changes of morphology, culturability and viability were noticeable for fed and starved cultures exposed to low temperature and oxidative stresses. All physiology changes were influenced by starvation and, to a lesser extent, by other stresses. Starvation was the most significant factor in C. jejuni survival, coccoid cell formation and especially culturability. Temperature downshift, oxidative stress and starvation, usually in combination with other factors, can trigger transition of bacteria to a viable but nonculturable state. Results showed substantial variability in responses to stresses applied, indicating no correlation between low temperature and oxidative stress response of campylobacters. Understanding of microbial physiology after exposure to various stresses is essential for food safety.
Ispitana je prisutnost termotolerantnih bakterija roda Campylobacter u uzorcima piletine sa slovenskog tržišta. Izolirani su sojevi identificirani fenotipskim i genotipskim postupcima. Fenotipska je ...identifikacija provedena klasičnim postupkom ISO 10272. Da bi se identificirali određeni sojevi, ispitana je primjenjivost različitih PCR postupaka, korištenjem specifičnih DNA regija za vrste C. jejuni i C. coli. Veliki broj ispitivanih uzoraka bio je pozitivan (27/33), sa značajnim udjelom C. coli u tim dvama identificiranim sojevima (32 %). Veliki udjel sojeva C. jejuni (54 %) bio je hipurat negativan. Fenotipska je identifikacija stoga neprikladan postupak zbog prisutnosti sojeva s atipičnim fenotipom, a i zbog mogućnosti pogrešne interpretacije rezultata testova. Multipleks PCR-postupak, koristeći hipurikazni gen u C. jejuni i u specifičnoj regiji za vrstu C. coli, pokazao se uspješnim jer omogućava brzu, jednostavnu i točnu identifikaciju C. jejuni i C. coli. Postupak PCR s lokusom flagelarnoga gena (flaA PCR) pouzdan je postupak za identifikaciju C. jejuni/C. coli, ali se njime ne mogu razlikovati te dvije vrste. Postupak PCR s lokusom gena citoletalnog toksina (cdtB PCR) nije prikladan jer daje puno lažno negativnih, a i nešto lažno pozitivnih rezultata.
Macrolides and fluoroquinolones are regarded as drugs of choice for the treatment of human Campylobacter infections. The use of antimicrobials for this purpose as well as in food animal production ...has resulted in the resistance of Campylobacter spp. to selected antibiotics. Since poultry is one of the most important sources of human Campylobacter infections the use of antibiotics in animal production can shorten the effective therapeutic life of antibiotics for human use. During 2001–2003, over 220 strains of C. jejuni and C. coli were isolated from 60 poultry meat samples from the retail market in Slovenia and further characterized by phenotypic and molecular methods. In this study, 55 sample-representative strains were tested for susceptibility to eight different antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxycillin/ clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, pefloxacin and tetracycline). Phenotypic procedures (disc diffusion test, E-test) as well as molecular detection of mutations (mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)) in case of ciprofloxacin resistance were used. When assuming the results about antibiotic resistance, only 38.2 % of strains tested were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. Regarding ciprofloxacin, 58.2 % of tested strains were found to be resistant (minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC>4 mg/mL). The occurrence of resistance was much higher in C. coli (75.9 %) than in C. jejuni (38.5 %) isolates. The resistance rates to pefloxacin, nalidixic acid, erythromycin and tetracycline were 58.2, 49.1, 14.5 and 12.7 %, respectively. Eleven percent of strains were resistant to erythromycin and ciprofloxacin and 12.7 % of strains were resistant to tetracycline and quinolones. The results show the need for monitoring the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of zoonotic bacteria such as Campylobacter as well as the multiresistance phenomenon of Campylobacter isolates from food in our country.
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