In 2015, the first-ever Slovenian high school team competed at the iGEM (international Genetically Engineered Machine) competition in synthetic biology. The team was carefully selected from a list of ...candidates proposed by their high school teachers of chemistry and biology. Composed of eight students from 7 high schools from across the country, the team split into two groups, working in two institutions but with regular common meetings. The group of four students who worked at the National Institute of Chemistry focused on biotechnological production and the second group was preparing genetic constructs at the University of Ljubljana Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology. The central problem that students tangled was the conversion of C-4 acids that are side-products of anaerobic waste degradation, into the corresponding alcohol. In the biotechnological part of the project students tested butanoic acid production in an anaerobic fermentation broth using a 15-channel computer-controlled bioreactor system, configured to allow online analysis of gaseous products (by GC) and frequent analysis of dissolved compounds (by HPLC). Next, at optimal butanoic acid production conditions (c = 1 g/L butanoic acid) growth of E. coli was examined in terms of medium composition, temperature and pH in order to obtain optimal operational parameters for biotechnological transformation of butanoic acid to butanol. Overall, E. coli growth was analysed in 72 different growth media in microtiter plates. Students followed inhibition of E. coli growth by butanol, acetone and isobutanol in the presence of butanoic acid and glycerol. The synthetic biology group started with PCR amplification of three genes (ctfA and ctfB encoding two polypeptide chains of Co-A transferase, and bdhB encoding butyraldehide dehydrogenase for a two.stage conversion of butyril CoA to butanol) from anaerobic microbial community. Amplification failed, probably due to contaminants in the broth and a low number of bacteria harbouring these genes. Consequently, synthetic genes were designed with appended sequences for easier cloning, for a hexahistidine tag for detection of recombinant proteins using specific antibodies. Synthetic genes were inserted into pSB1C3 vectors and for each of them a strong promoter- ribosome binding site region was inserted in front of the enzyme coding region. Such combined constructs were further transferred into vectors with double terminators of transcription. In total, 9 different DNA constructs were prepared and deposited in the Registry of biological parts. All final expression constructs efficiently directed production of recombinant enzymes in E. coli DH5α under aerobic conditions. The giant jamboree of competing teams took place in Boston, USA, from September 24 to 28 with more than 260 teams from around the globe. In the high school track the Slovenian team presented the project entitled “From waste to fuel: Reprogrammed E. coli for sustainable production of biobutanol from butanoic acid”. The project received high recognition, as it was awarded a gold medal for completed tasks and was nominated among five best teams in categories Best Integrated Human Practices, Best Wiki, Best Presentation and Best High School Project.
Većina psihoaktivnih vrsta gljiva sadrži psilocibin, psilocin, beocistin ili nor-beocistin, a zbog djelovanja psilocina sličnog LSD-u koriste se kao rekreacijska droga i zabranjene su. Dokazivanje ...aktivnih tvari iz forenzičkih uzoraka toksikološkim metodama GC-MS i LC-MS nije moguće iz otrusine spora ili micelija prije procesa fruktificiranja. Glavni cilj ovog rada bio je ukazati na potencijal primjene molekularnih i morfoloških metoda u forenzičkoj analizi psihoaktivnih gljiva. Morfološkom analizom 63 forenzička uzorka uspješno je identificirano 5 vrsta, a najzastupljenija je vrsta Psilocybe cubensis. Sekvenciranjem cijele regije ITS i dijela gena LSU forenzičkih uzoraka potvrđeni su rezultati morfološke analize i uspješno je identificirana šesta vrsta iz otrusine spora. Obje metode mogu se implementirati u rutinsku forenzičku analizu uzoraka gljiva. Potencijal istraživanog modela preliminarne identifikacije psihoaktivnih gljiva korištenjem specifičnih sondi TaqMan®MGB u reakciji Real Time PCR nije potvrđen. Analizom LC-MS otkriven je psihoaktivni status vrsta Stropharia semiglobata i Galerina badipes.
Most of psychoactive fungi contain psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin or nor- baeocystin, and due to effects of psilocin, which are similar to LSD, they are illegal. Proving active substances from forensic samples through toxicological methods is not possible from spore print or from mycelia. Main goal of this thesis was to emphasize the potential of using molecular and morphological methods in forensic analysis of psychoactive fungi. Morphological analysis of 63 forensic samples resulted with 5 successfully identified species with Psilocybe cubensis as the most common. Through sequencing the ITS region and the part of LSU gene of forensic samples, morphological analysis results were confirmed and sixth species was successfully identified from spore print. Both methods can be implemented in the routine forensic workflow for fungi. Potential of the researched model for preliminary identification of psychoactive fungi by using specific TaqMan®MGB probes in RT-PCR reaction, was not confirmed. LC-MS analysis established the psychoactive status of species Stropharia semiglobata and Galerina badipes.
The purpose of this study was to determine characteristics potentially related to NBS1 mutations and polymorphisms in young (≤50 years of age) breast cancer patients. Blood from 80 breast cancer ...patients was collected. NBS1 mutations c.657_661del, p.R215W, p.I171V, and polymorphisms c.8360G>C, c.30537G>C were genotyped by the PCR-RFLP method. Two-sided Chi-square test was used for univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the odds ratio. No carriers of the c.657_661del, p.R215W and p.I171V mutations were found. NBS1 c.8360G>C logistic regression analysis showed that GC and CC genotypes compared with GG genotype had decreased risk of low grade tumour, 2.885-fold (OR = 2.885, 95% CI 0.173–0.735, P = 0.005) and 2.186-fold (OR = 2.186, 95% CI 0.188–0.888, P = 0.024), respectively. 8360 CC genotype (OR = 3.034, 95% CI 0.156–0.778, P = 0.010) significantly increased the chances of HER2 amplification compared to GG genotype. NBS1 8360 GC genotype had a higher risk for breast cancer progression (OR = 1.673, 95% CI 0.233–0.915, P = 0.027). The homozygote 8360 CC carriers had approximately a six times higher risk for the disease progress (OR = 5.946, 95% CI 0.098–0.585, P = 0.002). The prevalence of triple negative breast cancer type was significantly higher in individuals with NBS1 8360 CC genotype (OR = 2.186, 95% CI 0.188–0.888, P = 0.024). Regarding c.30537G>C polymorphism, none of the genotypes had a significant influence on pathological characteristics. NBS1 gene c.8360G>C polymorphism might be associated with breast cancer aggressiveness in young breast cancer patients.
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