What does commercialisation mean for the future of sport? Modern sports links to commerce are highly visible. Stadiums and arenas bear the names of businesses, while sponsors' logos appear on ...athletes' clothing and equipment, on the facilities in which they play, and in the titles of the events in which they compete. Media companies pay vast sums for the rights to broadcast sports events, and advertisers pay a premium to promote products during the screening of these events. Cities invest, at the expense of other social projects, in the staging of major sports events and to attract professional teams to their areas. Star athletes are transferred for multi-million fees and professional sport franchises are sold for sums higher than the gross domestic products of some countries. Even recreational athletes are subject to a constant barrage of commercial pressures to improve their game. Sport's links to commerce have intensified over the past 30 years but have been subjected to little academic analysis. This book represents an attempt to fill that significant gap in the literature by examining five different aspects of the commercialisation of sport: · The sports industry · The public sector · The commercialisation of 'amateur' sport · Sport and television · Sports sponsorship There has been a rapid and widespread commercialisation of sport and it is vital that we now raise critical questions and analyse the changes that have taken place.
Background
Prevention of sport injuries is crucial to maximise the health and societal benefits of a physically active lifestyle. To strengthen the translation and implementation of the available ...evidence base on effective preventive measures, a range of potentially relevant strategies should be considered.
Objective
Our aim was to identify and categorise intervention strategies for the prevention of acute sport injuries evaluated in the scientific literature, applying the Haddon matrix, and identify potential knowledge gaps.
Methods
Five electronic databases were searched (PubMed, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Cochrane) for studies that evaluated the effect of interventions on the occurrence of acute sport injuries. Studies were required to include a control group/condition, prospective data collection, and a quantitative injury outcome measure.
Results
A total of 155 studies were included, mostly randomised controlled trials (43%). The majority of studies (55%) focussed on strategies requiring a behavioural change on the part of athletes. Studies predominantly evaluated the preventive effect of various training programmes targeted at the ‘pre-event’ phase (
n
= 73) and the use of equipment to avoid injury in the ‘event phase’ (
n
= 29). A limited number of studies evaluated the preventive effect of strategies geared at rules and regulations (
n
= 14), and contextual modifications (
n
= 18). Studies specifically aimed at preventing re-injuries were a minority (
n
= 8), and were mostly related to ankle sprains (
n
= 5).
Conclusions
Valuable insight into the extent of the evidence base of sport injury prevention studies was obtained for 20 potential intervention strategies. This approach can be used to monitor potential gaps in the knowledge base on sport injury prevention.
Background:
Sport specialization is associated with an increased risk of musculoskeletal lower extremity injuries (LEIs) in adolescent athletes presenting in clinical settings. However, sport ...specialization and the incidence of LEIs have not been investigated prospectively in a large population of adolescent athletes.
Purpose:
To determine if sport specialization was associated with an increased risk of LEIs in high school athletes.
Study Design:
Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.
Methods:
Participants (interscholastic athletes in grades 9-12) were recruited from 29 Wisconsin high schools during the 2015-2016 school year. Participants completed a questionnaire identifying their sport participation and history of LEIs. Sport specialization of low, moderate, or high was determined using a previously published 3-point scale. Athletic trainers reported all LEIs that occurred during the school year. Analyses included group proportions, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs, and days lost due to injury (median and interquartile range IQR). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs were calculated to investigate the association between the incidence of LEIs and sport specialization level.
Results:
A total of 1544 participants (50.5% female; mean age, 16.1 ± 1.1 years) enrolled in the study, competed in 2843 athletic seasons, and participated in 167,349 athlete-exposures. Sport specialization was classified as low (59.5%), moderate (27.1%), or high (13.4%). Two hundred thirty-five participants (15.2%) sustained a total of 276 LEIs that caused them to miss a median of 7.0 days (IQR, 2.0-22.8). Injuries occurred most often to the ankle (34.4%), knee (25.0%), and upper leg (12.7%) and included ligament sprains (40.9%), muscle/tendon strains (25.4%), and tendinitis/tenosynovitis (19.6%). The incidence of LEIs for moderate participants was higher than for low participants (HR, 1.51 95% CI, 1.04-2.20; P = .03). The incidence of LEIs for high participants was higher than for low participants (HR, 1.85 95% CI, 1.12-3.06; P = .02).
Conclusion:
Athletes with moderate or high sport specialization were more likely to sustain an LEI than athletes with low specialization. Sports medicine providers need to educate coaches, parents, and interscholastic athletes regarding the increased risk of LEIs for athletes who specialize in a single sport.
This study investigated whether player‐related factors (demographic, personality, or psychological factors) or the characteristics of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury were associated with ...the return to playing football in females after ACL reconstruction (ACLR). We also compared current knee function, knee related quality of life and readiness to return to sport between females who returned to football and those who had not returned. Females who sustained a primary ACL rupture while playing football and underwent ACLR 6–36 months ago were eligible. Of the 460 contacted, 274 (60%) completed a battery of questionnaires, and 182 were included a median of 18 months (IQR 13) after ACLR. Of these, 94 (52%) returned to football and were currently playing, and 88 (48%) had not returned. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified two factors associated with returning to football: short time between injury and ACLR (0–3 months, OR 5.6; 3–12 months OR 4.7 vs reference group > 12 months) and high motivation. Current players showed higher ratings for current knee function, knee‐related quality of life, and psychological readiness to return to sport (P < 0.001). Undergoing ACLR sooner after injury and high motivation to return to sports may impact a player's return to football after ACLR.
How will sport keep pace with current scientific and biological advances?Is the possibility of the 'bionic athlete' that far away and is this notion as bad as it might first appear?Is our fascination ...with sport winners fascistoid? Questions such as these and many others are posed and examined by the contributors to this volume. Some are sceptical of future developments in sport and demand radical reforms to halt progress, others are more optimistic and propose that sport should adapt to new advances just as other realms of the cultural sphere have to.Some of the topics examined here, such as the genetic engineering of athletes, and the significance of the public's fascination with sport winners, are being discussed for the first time, whilst others such as sex segregation, nationalism and doping are being revisited and reintroduced onto the agenda after a period of suggestive silence.This book provides the reader with a deep insight into the moral and ethical value we place on sport in today's society. Challenging and demanding, its contributors urge us to think again about current sports practices and the future of sport as a cultural phenomenon.
The Muscle Morphology of Elite Sprint Running Miller, Robert; Balshaw, Thomas G; Massey, Garry J ...
Medicine and science in sports and exercise,
04/2021, Letnik:
53, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The influence of muscle morphology and strength characteristics on sprint running performance, especially at elite level, is unclear.
PURPOSEThis study aimed to investigate the differences in muscle ...volumes and strength between male elite sprinters, sub-elite sprinters, and untrained controls; and assess the relationships of muscle volumes and strength with sprint performance.
METHODSFive elite sprinters (100 m seasons best SBE10010.10 ± 0.07 s), 26 sub-elite sprinters (SBE10010.80 ± 0.30s) and 11 untrained control participants underwent3T magnetic resonance imaging scans to determine the volume of 23 individual lower limb muscles/compartments and 5 functional muscle groups; and isometric strength assessment of lower body muscle groups.
RESULTSTotal lower body muscularity was distinct between the groups (controls < sub-elite +20% < elite +48%). The hip extensors exhibited the largest muscle group differences/relationships (elite, +32% absolute and +15% relative per kg volume vs sub-elite; explaining 31-48% of the variability in SBE100), whereas the plantarflexors showed no differences between sprint groups. Individual muscle differences showed pronounced anatomical specificity (elite vs sub-elite, absolute volume range +57% to -9%). Three hip muscles were consistently larger in elite vs. sub-elite (TFL, sartorius, gluteus maximus; absolute +45-57% and relative volume +25-37%), and gluteus maximus volume alone explained 34-44% of the variance in SBE100. Isometric strength of several muscle groups was greater in both sprint groups than controls, but similar for the sprint groups and not related to SBE100.
CONCLUSIONSThese findings demonstrate the pronounced inhomogeneity and anatomically specific muscularity required for fast sprinting, and provides novel, robust evidence that greater hip extensor and gluteus maximus volumes discriminate between elite and sub-elite sprinters and are strongly associated with sprinting performance.
The aim of this review was to provide insights into and a critical assessment of injury burden, risk matrices and risk contours in the context of team sports. Injury burden is the product of injury ...incidence and mean severity, and is normally reported as days' absence/1000 player-hours. An important feature of injury burden is that equal values can reflect quite different numerical combinations of injury incidence and severity. The timeframe over which injury burden affects a team depends on the incidence and severity values of the injuries sustained. Injury burden is evaluated through the use of risk matrices and risk contours. The main benefits of using risk matrices, and the reasons for their widespread acceptance, are the minimal data inputs required, the ease of understanding the visual data presentation, the transparent nature of the evaluation criteria and the simplicity with which the conclusions can be communicated to stakeholders. Injury burden is most often used for the identification of injuries that cause the greatest loss of time for players, ranking the importance of injury risk factors and prioritising injury prevention plans. Although risk matrices are commonly used for evaluating risks during the risk assessment process, there is little evidence to demonstrate that they improve decision-making, as they have a number of limitations, including potential inconsistencies and discrepancies when evaluating and ranking risks. These limitations suggest that physicians, physiotherapists and sports scientists should only use injury burden, risk matrices and risk contours when they fully understand their strengths and weaknesses.
Purpose
To evaluate the prevalence of and factors associated with meniscal ramp lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries.
Methods
Data ...from the Natural Corollaries and Recovery after ACL injury multicentre longitudinal cohort study (NACOX) were analysed. Only patients who underwent MRI were included in this study. All MRI scans were reviewed by an orthopaedic knee surgeon and a musculoskeletal radiologist. The patients were divided into two groups, those with and without ramp lesions according to MRI findings. Univariable and stepwise forward multiple logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate patient characteristics (age, gender, body mass index, pre-injury Tegner activity level, activity at injury) and concomitant injuries on MRI (lateral meniscus, medial collateral ligament MCL, isolated deep MCL, lateral collateral ligament, pivot-shift-type bone bruising, posteromedial tibial PMT bone bruising, medial femoral condyle bone bruising, lateral femoral condyle LFC impaction and a Segond fracture) associated with the presence of meniscal ramp lesions.
Results
A total of 253 patients (52.2% males) with a mean age of 25.4 ± 7.1 years were included. The overall prevalence of meniscal ramp lesions was 39.5% (100/253). Univariate analyses showed that contact sports at ACL injury, pivot-shift-type bone bruising, PMT bone bruising, LFC impaction and the presence of a Segond fracture increased the odds of having a meniscal ramp lesion. Stepwise forward multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of a meniscal ramp lesion was associated with contact sports at ACL injury odds ratio (OR) 2.50; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.32–4.72;
P
= 0.005, pivot-shift-type bone bruising (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.01–1.67;
P
= 0.04), PMT bone bruising (OR 4.62; 95% CI 2.61–8.19;
P
< 0.001) and the presence of a Segond fracture (OR 4.38; 95% CI 1.40–13.68;
P
= 0.001).
Conclusion
The overall prevalence of meniscal ramp lesions in patients with ACL injuries was high (39.5%). Contact sports at ACL injury, pivot-shift-type bone bruising, PMT bone bruising and the presence of a Segond fracture on MRI were associated with meniscal ramp lesions. Given their high prevalence, meniscal ramp lesions should be systematically searched for on MRI in patients with ACL injuries. Knowledge of the factors associated with meniscal ramp lesions may facilitate their diagnosis, raising surgeons’ and radiologists’ suspicion of these tears.
Level of evidence
III.
In 2009, FIFA promoted and disseminated the FIFA 11+ injury prevention programme worldwide. Developed and studied by the FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC), the programme was based ...on a randomised controlled study and one countrywide campaign in amateur football that significantly reduced injuries and healthcare costs. Since the FIFA 11+ launch, key publications have confirmed the preventive effects of the programme and have evaluated its performance effects in female as well as male amateur football players. Furthermore, implementation strategies of this prevention programme have also been studied. The goal of this narrative review was to summarise the available scientific evidence about the FIFA 11+ programme. While FIFA continues to disseminate and implement FIFA 11+ among its Member Associations, adaptations of the injury prevention programme for children and referees have been developed and are currently being evaluated.
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