This study examined the test-retest reliability of common assessments for measuring strength and power of the lower body in high-performing athletes.
A total of 100 participants, including both male ...(n = 83) and female (n = 17) athletes (21 4 y, 182 9 cm, and 78 12 kg), were recruited for this study, using a multicenter approach. The participants underwent physical testing 4 times. The first 2 sessions (1 and 2) were separated by ∼1 week, followed by a period of 2 to 6 months, whereas the last 2 sessions (3 and 4) were again separated by ∼1 week. The test protocol consisted of squat jumps, countermovement jumps, jump and reach, 30-m sprint, 1-repetition-maximum squat, sprint cycling, and a leg-press test.
The typical error (%) ranged from 1.3% to 8.5% for all assessments. The change in means ranged from -1.5% to 2.5% for all assessments, whereas the interclass correlation coefficient ranged from .85 to .97. The smallest worthwhile change (0.2 of baseline SD) ranged from 1.2% to 5.0%. The ratio between the typical error (%) and the smallest worthwhile change (%) ranged from 0.5 to 1.2. When observing the reliability across testing centers, considerable differences in reliability were observed (typical error % ratio: 0.44-1.44).
Most of the included assessments can be used with confidence by researchers and coaches to measure strength and power in athletes. Our results highlight the importance of controlling testing reliability at each testing center and not relying on data from others, despite having applied the same protocol.
ABSTRACTConte, D, Favero, TG, Lupo, C, Francioni, FM, Capranica, L, and Tessitore, A. Time-motion analysis of Italian elite womenʼs basketball gamesIndividual and team analyses. J Strength Cond Res ...29(1)144–150, 2015—The aim of this study was to assess elite womenʼs basketball game performance. Five elite womenʼs games (3 Italian first division and 2 Euroleague) were analyzed for individual and team time-motion analyses. The individual analysis evaluated the playersʼ movement patterns with particular focus on high-intensity activity (HIA), sprint activity, and repeated sprint events (RSEs). Team analysis included live time (LT), stoppage time (ST), and their ratio, transfer (TR) phases, and half court and full court actions. The frequency of occurrence of changes of activities was n = 576 ± 110, one every 2.56 seconds of LT. Total HIA was 8.5 ± 1.8% of LT and no significant differences between quarter periods were observed. In general, players performed linear sprints (48.3 ± 2.9%) over 1–5 m distance (56.8 ± 5.6%). The occurrence of RSE was 4.4 ± 1.7, with 58.6 ± 18.5% passive recovery between sprints. Team analysis showed no significant difference between games for LT and ST phases (ratio = 1.18 ± 0.25). For game analysis, LT and ST were 43.4 ± 7.8% and 51.1 ± 8.4%, respectively. A difference between games was found for half court actions (p < 0.01) and TR phases (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, 1 TR and 2 TR were the most performed (45.3 and 23.9%) actions. These results encourage coaches to include repeated sprint ability with mainly linear and short sprints into a comprehensive training program.
The purpose of this longitudinal study was to clarify the motion characteristics of children who had greatly improved their sprint speed in the middle grades of elementary school over a one-year ...period. The sprint motions of 23 children (12 boys and 11 girls) in the third and fourth grades were filmed and compared by classifying them into 2 groups: a superior group, who improved their running speed relatively significantly, and an inferior group, who increased their running speed only slightly. The motions of children who had improved their sprinting speed significantly in one year were characterized by an increase in the swing-back angular velocity of the hip joint, the degree of knee joint extension during ground contact, and the angular velocity of the extension. In addition, the whole leg swing speed and the ankle joint angle at ground contact were found to be smaller. Except for the swing-back angular velocity of the hip joint, these motions differed from the rational motions clarified in previous biomechanics research. The findings of this study indicate that some middle-grade elementary school children improve their sprinting speed significantly over the course of a year, even if it is transformed into a motion that is at odds with the rational motion, or the motion to be aimed for, described in previous studies.
Kristiansen, M, Sydow Krogh Pedersen, A-M, Sandvej, G, Jørgensen, P, Jakobsen, JV, de Zee, M, Hansen, EA, and Klitgaard, KK. Enhanced maximal upper-body strength increases performance in sprint ...kayaking. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): e305-e312, 2023-The association between upper-body strength and performance in 200-m flat-water sprint kayak is not fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of study 1 was to investigate the relationship between upper-body strength and kayaking performance. In study 2, the aim was to perform a randomized training intervention to investigate whether a causal relationship was present between an increase in strength and an actual change in 200-m kayaking performance. In study 1, 37 (22 men and 15 women) elite kayak paddlers performed tests of maximal power output, isometric force, 1 repetition maximum (1RM), and 40 seconds of maximal repetition number in bench press and bench pull and a 30-second all-out on-water sprint kayak test. In study 2, 26 (16 men and 10 women) national elite junior A, U23, and senior kayak paddlers were allocated into 2 groups: a training group (TRAIN) and a maintenance group (MAIN). Each group completed a 6-week strength training intervention with the purpose of either increasing 1RM in bench press (TRAIN) or maintaining strength (MAIN). Pre- and posttests were performed in 200-m kayak ergometer sprint, 1RM bench press, and 1RM bench pull. In study 1, 1RM in bench press was the best predictor of 30-second on-water kayaking performance with a regression coefficient of 0.474. In study 2, TRAIN significantly increased 1RM strength in bench press (pre: 87.3 ± 21.2 kg, post: 93.9 ± 21.3 kg, p = 0.001) and bench pull (pre: 84.2 ± 15.3 kg, post: 86.0 ± 15.1 kg, p = 0.025). In the 200-m kayak ergometer sprint test, TRAIN significantly decreased the time to complete the test (pre: 44.8 ± 4.3 seconds, post: 44.3 ± 4.3 seconds, p = 0.042). In bench press, 1RM was the best predictor of 200-m kayaking, and an increase in bench press 1RM resulted in increased kayaking performance.
This research aimed to examine: (1) the difference in the effect of acceleration and interval sprint dribbling methods; (2) the difference in the effect between high and low coordination towards; and ...(3) the interaction between training methods and coordination of football dribbling. This research is an experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial design. The coordination instrument is Soccer Wall Test while the dribbling instrument is Short Dribbling Test. The data were analysed using ANAVA. From this research, it can be concluded that (1) there is a significant difference in the effect between acceleration and interval sprint dribbling training methods on dribbling ability; (2) there is a significant difference in the effect between high and low coordination ability on dribbling ability; and (3) there is a significant interaction between training methods and coordination of football dribbling ability.
At this time teenagers tend to do less exercise as a routine activity due to technological developments that tend to make teenagers more engaged in gadgets. By being lazy to move and continuous ...intake of food will accumulate fat levels in the body. Based on this, it is necessary to do exercises that aim to reduce the level of body fat, namely the jogging sprint combination. The research sample consisted of 24 people divided into 2 groups, namely the treatment group and the control group. The research design was Experimental Randomize Pres-Test and Post-Test Group Design. The results showed that there was a decrease in the level of body fat levels in the jogging sprint combination training with an average decrease in the level of body fat levels by 6.7% or by (23.26%). The conclusion of this study is that the jogging sprint combination training can reduce the level of body fat levels male student X MIPA public senior high school number 2 Tabanan.
Background: Assessment of anaerobic capacity in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is essential for treatment planning. However, available field-based measures have no ...established validity and reliability in this population.
Purpose: To examine the psychometric properties of selected field-based anaerobic capacity tests in children with and without DCD.
Methods: School-aged children (6-16 years) with and without DCD participated in the study. The children completed the shuttle run sub-item of the Bruninks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency-second edition, the 10 × 5 m sprint tests (straight and slalom) and the muscle power sprint test (MPST).
Results: The shuttle run test item of the Bruninks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency-second edition and 10 × 5 m sprint tests possess good construct validity and test-retest reliability in children with DCD. The 10 × 5 m sprint test-slalom was found to be the most responsive test among children with DCD. However, the MPST was less reliable in children with DCD compared to their typically developing peers, leading to a very large Smallest Detectable Difference.
Conclusions: The findings suggest that the selected anaerobic capacity measures have sound psychometric properties among children with DCD with the exception of the MPST. Clinicians working on children with DCD could use these tests in their practice, especially in situations where logistical resources are limited.
Implications for Rehabilitation
Field-based anaerobic capacity tests are suitable measures for assessing anaerobic capacity in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder, particularly in situations where laboratory assessments are not feasible.
The shuttle run test item of the Bruninks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency-second edition and the 10 × 5 sprint tests (straight and slalom) have good construct validity in this population.
The 10 × 5 sprint test (slalom) is the most sensitive anaerobic capacity test among children with Developmental Coordination Disorder.
ABSTRACTTapsell, LC, Binnie, MJ, Lay, BS, Dawson, BT, and Goods, PSR. Validity and reliability of a field hockey-specific dribbling speed test. J Strength Cond Res XX(X)000–000, 2020—The present ...study aimed to design a valid and reliable test for field hockey players that concurrently assesses the skill of dribbling and sport-specific agility. In total, 27 male and 32 female subjects were recruited from amateur (n = 20), state-level (n = 22), and national-level (n = 17) field hockey teams. The test course was developed in consultation with state- and national-level field hockey coaches, and using match analyses from existing literature. Subjects were familiarized before completing a testing session that consisted of 3 maximal-effort trials through a field hockey-specific course while dribbling a hockey ball, and another 3 trials of the same course without dribbling the ball. Amateur and state subjects completed an additional session for test-retest reliability analysis. Electronic timing gates recorded time to complete the course with the ball (DRIBBLE), without the ball (SPRINT), and the difference between DRIBBLE and SPRINT (DELTA). With significance set at p < 0.05, subjects of higher playing levels recorded significantly faster DRIBBLE (p < 0.001) and significantly lower DELTA (p < 0.001) times. No significant difference was found between player levels for SPRINT (p = 0.484) times. Intraclass correlations were 0.84 and 0.81 for DELTA and DRIBBLE, respectively. In conclusion, the dribbling test trialed here has sufficient validity and reliability for use in performance testing of field hockey athletes and can be implemented across playing levels to objectively track skill progression.
Aims
This study characterized (a) the cardiac troponin T (cTnT) response to three forms of acute high‐intensity interval exercise (HIE), and (b) the impact of 12 weeks of HIE training on the cTnT ...response to acute exercise in sedentary obese young women.
Methods
Thirty‐six sedentary women were randomized to traditional HIE training (repeated 4‐minute cycling at 90% V˙O2max interspersed with 3‐minute rest, 200 kJ/session), work‐equivalent sprint interval exercise (SIE) training (repeated 1‐minute cycling at 120% V˙O2max interspersed with 1.5‐minute rest) or repeated‐sprint exercise (RSE) training (40 × 6‐second all‐out sprints interspersed with 9‐second rest) group. cTnT was assessed using a high‐sensitivity assay before and immediately, 3 and 4 hours after the 1st (PRE), 6th (EARLY), 20th (MID), and 44th (END) training session, respectively.
Results
cTnT was elevated (P < 0.05) after all forms of acute interval exercise at the PRE and EARLY assessment with cTnT response higher (P < 0.05) after HIE (307%) and SIE (318%) than RSE (142%) at the PRE assessment. All forms of acute interval exercise at MID and END had no effect on the cohort cTnT concentration post‐exercise (all P > 0.05).
Conclusion
For sedentary obese young women, both HIE and SIE, matched for total work, induced a similar elevation in cTnT after acute exercise with a smaller rise observed after RSE. By the 44th training session, almost no post‐exercise cTnT elevation was observed in all three groups. Such information is relevant for clinicians as it could improve medical decisionmaking.
Purpose
:
To examine the internal and external load imposed by long sprint ability–oriented small-sided games (SSG) using different ratios of players to pitch area (densities) in soccer players.
...Methods
:
A total of 19 professional soccer players from the same soccer club (age = 17.1 0.3 y, height = 1.76 0.69 m, and body mass = 69.7 9.4 kg) participated in this study. Players performed 4 × 30-s (150 s recovery) all-out 1-vs-1 SSG considering 300, 200, and 100 m
2
per player (48 h apart). Players’ external loads were tracked with global positioning technology (20 Hz). Heart rate, blood lactate concentration (BLc), and rating of perceived exertion characterized players’ internal load. Peak BLc was assessed with a 30-s all-out test on a nonmotorized treadmill (NMT).
Results
:
SSG
300
produced higher BLc than SSG
200
(moderate) and SSG
100
(large). The SSG
300
, SSG
200
, and SSG
100
BLc were 97.8% (34.8%), trivial; 74.7% (24.9%), moderate; and 43.4% (15.7%), large, of the NMT30s peak BLc, respectively. Players covered more distance at high intensity during the SSG
300
than in other SSG conditions (huge to very large differences). High-intensity deceleration distance was largely lower in SSG
200
than in SSG
300
. SSG
100
elicited very large to huge and large to very large lower external load values than SSG
300
and SSG
200,
respectively.
Conclusions
:
The main finding of this study showed an inverse association between ball-drill density and internal/external loads in long sprint ability–oriented SSG. The SSG
300
provided BLc closer to individual maximal, thus satisfying the all-out construct assumed for the development of long sprint ability. Further studies using the SSG
300
as a training intervention and/or investigating other different SSG formats using the same density are warranted.
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