Suvremena ratarska proizvodnja ima izraženo geografsko, ekološko, ekonomsko i društveno obilježje. Prema navedenim osobinama može se podijeliti na tradicionalnu, konvencionalnu i održivu ...poljoprivredu. Tradicionalna ratarska proizvodnja u nas prevladava na malim obiteljskim imanjima. Poljoprivredni proizvodi koriste se za potrebe članova domaćinstva i ostaje malo tržišnih viškova. Unapređenje ovog sistema proizvodnje je u izmjeni strukture sjetve, odnosno uvođenju alternativnih ratarskih vrsta čiji proizvodi imaju veću tržišnu vrijednost. Za male farmere interesantan je i sistem održive poljoprivredne proizvodnje u okviru čega se izdvajaju tri sistema uzgajanja ratarskih biljaka. To su dobra poljoprivredna praksa, integralna i organska (ekološka ili biološka) poljoprivredna proizvodnja. Ukoliko se proizvođači odluče za neki od ova tri sistema uzgajanja, biljne vrste iz grupe alternativnih žita mogu biti pravi izbor, jer osiguravaju tržište kvalitetnim i zdravstveno sigurnim prehrambenim proizvodima. Prije nego što se odluče za ove sisteme proizvodnje farmeri treba da steknu neophodna predznanja.
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Using archival data, press articles, and historiographical and memoir literature, this paper reconstructs biographical details from the life of Edo Marković, agronomist, civil servant, member of the ...National Council of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs, Rotary Club activist, and general manager of the state monopoly company for the purchase and export of agricultural produce. The life philosophy of Edo Marković, which could be described in brief as opposition to inertia and authority, led him from his early childhood into temptations, which he overcame by following his intuition. They included identity dilemmas, education, political experimentation, and a principled determination to ‘serve the homeland, not the government’. Thanks to the organisational skills he displayed during World War I, his later banking career, the international reputation he enjoyed in the highest Freemason and Rotary circles, the crown of which was his position in the League of Nations, he acted more like an expert than a politician. Even though he was a member of several political organisations, he continued to adhere to the ideology of his old company, grown from the Croatian-Serbian Coalition. His Rotary enthusiasm outweighed the dashed hopes about the future of the Yugoslav state, and contributed to a sort of internal escapism and turn towards international activism. The affinity of Marković’s children for left-wing ideas, despite their material status, was certainly fostered by the opinions of their father, who afforded them a comprehensive education, thus allowing them to independently form their views on how the Russian Revolution went astray, the consequences of the Nazi rise to power, and the characteristics of Anglo-Saxon civilisation. The close links of Edo Marković with Czechoslovakia were the consequence of inter-Rotary cooperation, his loyalty to the concept of the Little Entente, and his promotion of the controversial Yugoslav-Czechoslovak ‘grain arrangements’, for which he was often criticised.
The high social standing of Edo Markocić was not immanent to the agrarian topics that he was preoccupied with from his student days until his death. However, his radical idea about the emancipation of national agriculture from foreign markets through the industrialisation of passive areas and the exploitation of their natural resources exposed him to accusations of ‘agrarian defeatism’ and treason. Apart from complaints about his staff policy, extravagance, and compulsive hoarding of war reserves, the sources used do not point towards any financial malfeasance on his part, which his predecessors at the head of the Privileged Export Society (PRIZAD) were notorious for. Indeed, due to his Jewish ancestry, Marković was subjected to additional attacks in the press, which, generalising his affiliation to the stratum of ‘Austro-Hungarian banking masters’, futilely attempted to discredit him regarding the purchase and export of grain and opium. Unlike his conflict with national interest groups, which was the consequence of his compliance with American demands for a more restrictive opium policy, Marković’s ‘lack of tact’, based on his political and ethical beliefs, made him an unreliable partner of the Yugoslav military command on the eve of the new war and a hinderance in the German ‘supplementary economic area’. If the official version of his murder is to be believed, Edo Marković died because he had raised his daughters in the spirit of liberalism, which eventually led to their active support of the Communists, and provoked the police raid in which he was killed. On the other hand, Marković, as a Freemason, Rotarian, ‘Christianised Jew’, anglophile, and opponent of economic cooperation with the Third Reich, was a perfect target for Nazi Germany, whose intelligence service had successfully infiltrated Yugoslavia. In both cases, Edo Marković became a victim of that which had preoccupied him from his earliest days, but which he had simultaneously avoided – politics.
Several phytopathogenic Fusarium species occurring worldwide on cereals as causal agents of ‘head blight’ (scab) of small grain cereals and ‘ear rot’ of maize, are capable of accumulating, in ...infected kernels, several mycotoxins some of which of notable impact to human and animal health. Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. poae, F. avenaceum and Microdochium nivale predominantly cause Fusarium diseases of small-grain cereals. Maize is predominantly attacked by F. graminearum, F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans. The review is focused on the influence of climatic variables, particularly temperature, humidity and rainfall on growth, reproduction, survival, competitive ability, mycotoxicity and pathogenicity of Fusarium fungi commonly isolated from wheat, barley and maize.
Številne fitopatogene glive rodu Fusarium, ki povzročajo plesnivost klasov žit in koruznih storžev, je sposobnih v okuženih zrnih akumulirati številne mikotoksine, med katerimi so nekateri škodljivi za zdravje ljudi in živali. Žita prvenstveno okužujejo vrste Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. poae, F. avenaceum in Microdochium nivale, medtem ko koruzo F. graminearum, F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum in F. subglutinans. V pregledu je poudarek na vplivu vremenskih dejavnikov (temperatura, vlaga in padavine) na rast, razmnoževanje, preživetje, tekmovalno sposobnost, mikotoksičnost in patogenost Fusarium vrst, običajno izoliranih iz pšenice, ječmena in koruze.
The aim of the present study was to determine the contamination of grains, grown in Slovenia and used for animal diets by Slovene farmers in year 2009. A total of 66 samples was examined on toxigenic ...moulds from genera Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and on 8 different mycotoxins. The leading contaminants among moulds were from Fusarium spp., detected in 51 samples, mostly in barley (19). The average number of Fusarium spp. colony forming units (cfu) in different grains was from 5.5-23.3 × 103/g, whereas the contamination of barley with Penicillium, Aspergillus and Alternaria spp. was 4.5, 19.3 and 5 × 103 cfu/g. Using liquid (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) methods, the presence of various mycotoxins (expressed for 12% of moisture content) was proved in 57.6% of all samples; mostly deoxynivalenol (DON, 54.5%) in concentrations of 130-2860 μg/kg, followed by zearalenone (ZON, 15.1%, 70-800 μg/kg), fumonisin B1 (3%, 120-210 μg/kg), while fumonisin B2, ochratoxin A, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), HT-2 and T-2 toxins were not detected. The results indicate that further control of toxigenic moulds and mycotoxins in Slovenian primary grain production is thus required and justified.
Z raziskavo smo želeli dobiti vpogled v kontaminacijo žit, ki so jih kmetje v Sloveniji pridelali in uporabili za prehrano živali v letu 2009. Na toksigene plesni iz rodu Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria in 8 različnih mikotoksinov smo preiskali skupno 66 vzorcev. Najbolj razširjene so bile plesni iz rodu Fusarium. Izolirali smo jih iz 51 vzorcev, najpogosteje iz ječmena (19). Njihovo povprečno število kolonij (cfu) je bilo v različnih žitih od 5,5-23,3 × 103/g, v ječmenu pa je bilo 4,5, 19,3 in 5 × 103 cfu/g kolonij plesni iz rodu Penicillium, Aspergillus in Alternaria. S tekočinsko (HPLC) in plinsko kromatografijo (GC) smo dokazali različne mikotoksine (rezultati so izraženi pri 12% vsebnosti vlage vzorca) v 57,6% vseh preiskanih vzorcev. Največ vzorcev je vsebovalo deoksinivalenol (DON, 54,5%) v koncentraciji od 130-2860 μg/kg, sledijo zearalenon (ZON, 15,1%, 70-800 μg/kg) in fumonizin B1 (3%, 120-210 μg/kg). Fumonizinov B2, ohratoksina A, diacetoksiscirpenola (DAS), HT-2 in T-2 toksina nismo dokazali v nobenem vzorcu. Rezultati kažejo, da je nadaljnja kontrola toksigenih plesni in mikotoksinov v krmi iz primarne pridelave v Sloveniji vsekakor potrebna in upravičena.
Experiments were carried out in the Vėžaičiai Branch of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture (West Lithuania region) in 2002-2005. The aim of this research was to estimate the ecological ...significance of perennial legumes used as green manure for the biological properties of triticale and rye and for diseases resistance. Residues of the perennial grasses tested and ploughed-in aftermath contributed different contents of nitrogen to the soil. The highest content of nitrogen was contributed to the soil with red clover residues and aftermath. Residues of white clover and aftermath ploughed in as green manure determined more favourable soil properties. This had a positive effect on the formation of biological parameters of cereals grown after white clover, which made it possible without mineral and organic fertilisers to produce on average 3.88 t ha-1 of triticale grain and 3.82 t ha-1 of rye grain, or by 1.09 and 0.28 t ha-1 more compared with their growing after red clover managed in the same way as white clover. Different growing conditions of winter cereals, i.e. different preceding crops, had a significant effect on the occurrence of scald and septoriosis.
Poskusi so bili opravljeni v Vėžaičiai Branch na Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture v obdobju od leta 2002 do 2005. Namen raziskave je bil oceniti ekološki pomen trajnih metuljnic, uporabljenih za zeleno gnojenje, na odpornost proti boleznim ter na biološke lastnosti tritikale in rži. Zaorani ostanki zelenih delov preizkušanih metuljnic so imeli različne vplive na vsebnost dušika v tleh. K najvišji vsebnosti dušika so prispevali ostanki rdeče detelje, zaorani ostanki bele detelje pa so imeli ugodnejše učinke na lastnosti tal. Izboljšane talne lastnosti so pozitivno vplivale na parametre rasti, ki so omogočili pridelek 3,88 t ha-1 zrnja tritikale in 3,82 t ha-1 zrnja rži brez uporabe mineralnih ali drugih organskih gnojil. Ko je bil predhodni posevek rdeča detelja, je bil pridelek tritikale manjši za 1,09 t ha-1, pridelek rži pa za 0,28 t ha-1 manjši v primerjavi s pridelkom po zelenem gnojenju z belo deteljo. Različni predhodni posevki so imeli pomemben vpliv na pojavnost ožiga in listne pegavosti.
Weendsko analizo, vsebnost rudninskih snovi in aminokislinsko sestavo smo opravili na definiranih vzorcih žit in koruze, pridelanih v Sloveniji leta 1997. Analizirali smo pet sort pšenice: pinka, ...ana, marija, rezka in žitarka; dve sorti ozimnega: alpha in robur ter dve sorti jarega ječmena: rex in gotic; tri sorte ovsa: valiant, pram in leanda in pet hibridov koruze: fanion, dea, helga, alberta in lotus. Pri pšenici in ječmenu smo ugotovili majhne razlike med posameznimi sortami v kemični sestavi. Pri ovsu izstopa sorta valiant po manjši vsebnosti surovih beljakovin in surovih maščob ter večji vsebnosti surove vlaknine. Pri koruzi pa odstopa hibrid fanion po večji vsebnosti surovih beljakovin in surovih maščob. Povprečne vrednosti posameznih hranljivih snovi v žitih, pridelanih v Sloveniji, se razlikujejo od literaturnih podatkov. Največja razlika je manjša vsebnost surovih beljakovin. V vsebnosti posameznih rudninskih snovi (P, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Zn in Mn) med sortami istega žita ni opaziti velikih razlik in povprečne vrednosti se dokaj dobro ujemajo z literaturnimi podatki, razen precej manjše vsebnosti natrija. Aminokislinska sestava beljakovin posameznih sort istega žita oz. koruze je podobna. V primerjavi z literaturnimi podatki smo ugotovili nekoliko večje koncentracije nekaterih esencialnih aminokislin v beljakovinah žit.
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Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Mlatiči so za »škop« odbrali najlepše snope žita. Omlačene so razvezali in jih ravnali na t. i. “babi”. Iz več tako poravnanih ...snopov je nastal »škop«, namenjen za prekrivanje slamnatih streh. Iz prikaza “Od setve do kruha” v Jurkloštru leta 2012.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Vesela druščina vaščanov Hodoša (Goričko, Prekmurje) iz začetka 60-ih let pri mlatenju pšenice. V ozadju je velik snop slame, kar so ...naši predniki znali nalagati zelo visoko, pri tem pa so potrebovali visoke lestve, da so prišli na vrh. Pri takih večjih kmečkih opravilih so si vedno pomagali tako sorodniki kot tudi sosedje in prijatelji. Zraven dela pa so si znali pričarati tudi veselo in družabno vzdušje.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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