الأنطولوجيا عند كريستيان فولف الخطيب، محمد حبيب سلمان
Literature of Kufa,
2023, Letnik:
15, Številka:
55
Journal Article
Recenzirano
يعد الفيلسوف الألماني كريستيان فولف ممثلا بارزا لفلسفة التنوير في ألمانيا في القرن الثامن عشر، وحظيت مؤلفاه ذات الطابع التعليمي بشهرة واسعة، وكان لها أثرها على المفكرين في عصره وما تلاه من مدد زمنية، ...ولذلك نجد لها أثرا واضحا عند إيمانويل كانط، كما أثر في فلسفة فريدريك هيغل، وعلى الرغم من ذلك عد فولف عند أغلب الباحثين بالمتابع لفلسفة لايبنتز، وأنه مفتقر للأصالة الفكرية، والذي اتضح من خلال البحث أنه صحيح في الإطار العام، وليس بشكل مطلق، إذ كانت لفولف مسائل عارض فيها فلسفة لايبنتز، ومنها رفضه المذهب الواحدي (المونادات)، كذلك رفضه للمنطق الرياضي الذي دعا إليه لايبنتز، وذهب إلى أن المنهج الأمثل للفلسفة هو المنهج الاستنباطي.
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein is widely used to fabricate antifouling coatings for nanobiotechnology applications. Numerous BSA protein options are commercially available and obtained through ...different purification methods, however, there is no guidance on which ones are preferable for antifouling coatings. Herein, we investigate the real-time fabrication of antifouling coatings composed of BSA proteins obtained through different purification methods, and report significant differences in ultrathin film coating properties and ability to mitigate serum biofouling and to prevent nanoparticle-induced immune reactions. Mechanistic studies unravel the source of these performance variations, which are related to some BSA proteins containing fatty acid stabilizers while other BSA proteins are fatty acid-free depending on the purification method. Fatty acid-free BSA proteins exhibit greater conformational flexibility and less charge repulsion, which allow them to form more rigidly attached and tightly packed coatings on flat surfaces and nanoparticles that result in superior application performance.
Bovine serum albumin proteins are used to fabricate antifouling coatings, but it is unclear which of these give the best coatings. Here, bovine serum albumin proteins from different purification processes are investigated, revealing that fatty acid-free proteins give superior antifouling properties.
In 1816 the Friends Tract Association published an excerpt from John Woolman’s first antislavery essay Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes with every reference to slavery edited out. The ...editors wanted to highlight Woolman’s ‘general’ message, that those who maintained their health, lived humbly and served God were rewarded with true happiness. In the excerpt, using biblical citations and an invocation of the early Quaker colonisation of the Delaware Valley, Woolman asserted that God rewards his servants. The excerpt successfully highlights this easily overlooked feature of Woolman’s lifelong ministry, but by omitting Woolman’s discussion of slavery it violated his original intention. The excerpt appeared in the last year of Quaker consensus on the issue of slavery. The editors believed they could set the issue aside because they thought the Quakers were in agreement on it, but shortly after their excerpt appeared the Quaker consensus on slavery fell apart.
This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Spider dragline silk fibers are important in nature for capturing prey and as a lifeline. However, spider silk is exposed to a range of humidity and deformation conditions, and it is important to ...understand what effect these have on its properties. Here, we simultaneously investigated the effect of a wide range of strain rates on the structural and mechanical properties of spider silk under different humidity conditions. The toughness of the silk fiber was enhanced under mild humidity and high deformation rate conditions, which occur in the natural habitat of spiders. Structural changes in the fiber upon tension were monitored with a wide-angle X-ray scattering system, showing that during stretching the orientation of the crystalline β-sheets aligned, whereas the crystallite size decreased. These findings help to understand the link between the structural changes and mechanical behavior of spider silk.
Spider silk is well known for its high toughness. Here, a comprehensive study of the simultaneous effect of strain rate and humidity on toughness is reported, revealing that toughness is highest under mildly humid conditions and at high strain rates, similar conditions to those in nature.
Hammerschmidt focuses on Jane Collier's copy of a letter in the Richardson correspondence. It is well known that Samuel Richardson developed extensive correspondence networks in both fact and fiction ...throughout his life. Much of the earliest surviving correspondence deals with his first work of fiction, the self-consciously novel and novelistic Pamela (1740). In fact, it was probably in response to the success of this novel and to the correspondence it generated that Richardson began to collect and keep copies of the letters he wrote and received.
The article analyzes the school library catalogue of the Szczecin Royal and Municipal Gymnasium, compiled in the first half of the 19th century and now housed in Książnica Pomorska. The author gives ...a short biography of the school principal – a librarian and the first editor of the manuscript – Johann Jakob Sell (1754–1816), and describes the origin, construction, and the characteristic attributes of the catalogue. Thanks to a comparative method, common features and differences were shown of the faculty classification, adopted by the Gymnasium principal, as compared to the arrangement suggested by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), popular in the circles of German libraries, and the order described by Gabriel Naudé (1600–1653) in the book Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque, of which the second edition was held in the school collection of books. The detailed construction of the adopted schema was exemplified by the arrangement of the theological section. In the last part of the article the author addressed the question of the Sell’s catalogue as the universal library in the light of the contemporary definitions of the term.
In late 18th century Britain, typhus fever plagued the mass mobilisation of soldiers and posed a significant challenge to physicians of the time. Epidemic typhus was spread through highly infectious ...faeces of infected lice and carried a high mortality in patients and healthcare staff alike. Physicians James Carmichael Smyth (1741–1821) and Archibald Menzies (1754–1842) theorized that typhus fever was caused by infection of human exhalation. They trialled the use of vapourised nitrous acid to fumigate patients, their clothes and their bedspace, with apparent success. Despite this, typhus fever continued to ravage deployments of soldiers into the early 19th century, stimulating the continuing evolution of the understanding of typhus and its treatment.
L'eroe cinese is a very important work in the history of operatic theatre in Warsaw (that was a cultural centre of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) as it is the first opera seria in the strict ...sense of the term that was staged here and the first of a series of Johann Adolf Hasse's opere serie staged subsequently between 1759 and 1763 in the King's Opernhaus of August III in Warsaw (the theatre itself was opened in 1748). It is probable that 1754 performance was led by the composer himself. The opera was accompanied by ballets choreographed by Antoine Pitrot, including the concluding ballet chinois pantomime (possibly a ballet d'action, thus one of the earliest examples of the genre) and L'adoration de la pagode. L'eroe cinese was, therefore, of particular importance for the theatrical and literary culture of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The libretto by Metastasio was printed in Warsaw in its original Italian version as well as Italian-French and Italian-German editions. Moreover, in 1755 a Polish translation Bohatyr chiński was issued in print. To stage the opera in Warsaw in honour of August III's birthday (7 October), the 150-strong artistic and technical personnel serving Dresden Electoral Court moved to the Polish capital. Amongst the numerous spectators of the eight performances were not only the King and the Queen, their two sons and almighty Minister Heinrich von Brühl but also aristocratic elite of the Commonwealth including the future King Stanisław August Poniatowski. The focus of the paper is placed on the special circumstances of Warsaw staging of L'eroe cinese, then the Author deals with ideological overtones and form of the Metastasian libretto (Vienna, 1752) as well as its musical setting by Hasse (Hubertusburg, 1753), in both cases Warsaw version bearing minor differences from original settings.
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