We present a Coulomb stress analysis for the July 4th Mw 6.4 and July 5th Mw 7.1 earthquakes of the 2019 Ridgecrest, California earthquake sequence. We find that the Coulomb stress on the Mw 6.4 ...rupture plane was increased by the 1872 Owens Valley earthquake and slightly increased by the 1952 Kern County earthquake. Like- wise, the rupture plane of the July 5th Mw 7.1 earthquake was promoted by both the Owens Valley and Kern County earthquakes, as well as being promoted slightly by the 1992 Landers earthquake and the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake. To investigate the regional Coulomb stress change from the Ridgecrest earthquake sequence, we calculate Coulomb stress change on nearby faults from both the Mw 6.4 and Mw 7.1 earthquakes. We find that the Mw 6.4 earthquake promoted failure at the epicen- ter of the Mw 7.1 earthquake, which struck 34 h later. Furthermore, the Mw 6.4 and Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquakes increased Coulomb stress on the Garlock fault to the west of the rupture and decreased Coulomb stress to the east. The Panamint Valley fault was relaxed by the Ridgecrest earthquakes. The most significant stress change is an increase of Coulomb stress to the south of the Ridgecrest Sequence on the nearby Blackwater fault. The Blackwater fault, situated between the Lan- ders and Ridgecrest earthquakes, was loaded significantly by the Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake (up to 0.12 MPa) and by lesser amounts by the Landers and Hector Mine earthquakes. Of the known active faults in the region, including the Garlock fault, the Blackwater fault appears to have been loaded the most by the Ridgecrest earth- quakes.
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•Calculate the stress history of past 150 years in Eastern California Shear Zone.•M 7.4–7.91872 Owens Valley earthquake promoted the 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquakes.•July 4th, 2019 Mw 6.4 earthquake loaded hypocenter of subsequent Mw 7.1 event ≥1 MPa.•2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence loaded eastern Garlock and Blackwater faults.•Loaded Blackwater fault is in a seismic gap between Landers and Ridgecrest ruptures.
One of the largest historical earthquakes in the U.S. Pacific Northwest occurred on December 15, 1872 near the south end of Lake Chelan. Lack of recognized surface deformation suggested that the ...earthquake occurred on a blind, perhaps deep, fault. New LiDAR data revealed a NW‐side‐up scarp along the north side of Spencer Canyon near Entiat, Washington. Landslides triggered during the earthquake impounded small ponds in Spencer Canyon; the larger of the two landslides obliterated a portion of the scarp. Tree‐ring counts show that the oldest trees on each landslide are 130 and 128 years old, and lend credence to the idea that the earthquake triggered the landslides. Trenches across the scarp exposed a NW‐dipping thrust fault offsetting young soils and Mesozoic bedrock. Radiocarbon and tree ring data shows that the last fault movement was between 1856 and 1873 CE, and was most likely during the 1872 CE earthquake.
Plain Language Summary
An earthquake on December 15, 1872 near Lake Chelan in Washington State is recognized as the largest shallow earthquake in the Pacific Northwest, USA. The earthquake was broadly felt but the lack of recognized surface deformation caused confusion as to the earthquake's location, and this confusion created uncertainty in seismic hazard assessments for the region. New LiDAR data revealed a NW‐side‐up scarp along a NE‐trending fault on the north side of Spencer Canyon near Entiat, Washington. We investigated this scarp using hand‐dug excavations, radiocarbon dating, and tree rings counts to determine if this scarp and nearby landslides were related to the 1872 earthquake. Our studies show that the scarp was formed during the last fault movement between 1856 and 1873 CE. From these observations we infer that the last movement on the fault was during the 1872 CE earthquake.
Key Points
The source of the largest crustal earthquake in the U.S. Pacific Northwest was unknown
LiDAR images reveal new fault scarp near Entiat, Washington
Trenching, radiocarbon, and dendrochronology show that the scarp is from a large earthquake in 1872
The flash flood occurring on May 25, 1872 ranks among the most extreme events recorded within the Czech Republic. The causative torrential rain affected mostly the area between Karlovy Vary, Plzeň ...and Prague of approximately 2000 km2. A corresponding intensity of precipitation observed incidentally at two sites exceeded 200 mm in 3–8 h. The consequent flood caused tremendous damages to ponds, houses, and infrastructure and resulted in a temporary collapse of transport especially due to a total break of trains operation. The flood led to approximately 240–300 fatalities according to various sources. An extent of the total area affected reached approximately 2000–3000 km2 representing an unusually large scale for such a type of flood. The intensive rain and inflow caused the biggest rupture of a water reservoir in Mladotice so far. The respective Mladotický pond held very likely 3–4 million cubic meters of water before its rupture. With a delay of 2 to 3 days, a substantial saturation triggered a massive landslide blocking the Mladotický water stream and creating a new water body named the Odlezelské Lake.
The flood event motivated elaboration of at least 3 scholarly papers already between 1872 and 1875. Accordingly, this flood presents for Czech hydrologists an outstanding example of such an extreme magnitude until now. The flood in 1872 and drought in 1874 led directly to establishing the Hydrological service of the Czech Kingdoms in 1875. Hitherto, we have no comparison for such extreme flood including recent floods occurring in 2002, 2010 and 2013. The flood peaks exceeded other historical or recent floods by at least 1–2 m. There is only one similar flood event, the flood of July 31, 1714 at the Sázava River catchment.
As there were no regular hydrological observations including precipitation measurements available for the affected areas before 1883, the prevailing data source comprise documentary sources and their relevant interpretations. The aim of our study is to explain in a more detail the course of this flood and a number of indeterminate circumstances during the flood. An important question was an effect of the collapse of approximately 100 ponds and a role of the collapsed sizeable Mladotický pond. These phenomena were partly explained by newspapers and chronicles describing an incredibly rapid increase of water level (2–3 m in a few minutes) at a relatively large number of sites. We have completed a hydraulic estimation of peak discharges at major profiles. In our research we used the Aqualog hydrological modelling system. The hydrological modelling enabled us to complete and check the reliability of observed causative precipitation for the affected area and peak flow rates at the Beroun and Prague municipalities. An important point was the reconstruction of a flow hydrograph at Prague with very intricate shape and two likely local peaks. Second local maximum could be attributed to the collapse of the Mladotický pond. This flood is of crucial importance for the Prague flood protection system. The main reason being a short time span of 22 h between the beginning of causative rainfall and occurrence of maximum flood flow rate at Prague.
•We applied the hydrological modelling system Aqualog routinely used by the CHMI hydrological service.•We conclude that the observation of precipitation 240–290 mm in 90 min in Mladotice is credible.•1872 extreme flood within a warm and dry period indicates that an analogy is not ruled out under current climate change.•If a similar situation occurs today, mobile barriers in Prague would be installed based only on meteo forecast.
الأبدية عند فويرباج عباس، بشرى
مجلة جامعة تشرين للبحوث والدراسات العلمية- سلسلة الآداب والعلوم الانسانية,
2021, Letnik:
43, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
يتناول هذا البحث مفهوم الأبدية كما برز في الفلسفة الحديثة، وخصوصا مع الرواد مثل سبينوزا وفخته وشلينغ، وقد تطرق هذا البحث إلى الأبدية ما قبل فويرباخ في محاولة لتحديدها في إطارها المادي والمثالي معا، ...خصوصا مع بواكير الفكر المادي عند سبينوزا والذي كان فكرا مرتابا في قضية مادية العالم وأبديته، وهو ما جعلنا نطلق عليه الأبدية اليائسة في مقابل نوع آخر من الأبدية التي لجأت إلى الإطار المثالي كما عبرت عنها المثالية الألمانية ممثلة بكل من فخته وشلينغ، واللذين حاولا تقديم نوع من الأبدية المراوغة التي تريد جعل الإنسان في هذا العالم منسلخا عن واقعه وهو ما أوضحناه في بحث فكرة إنسان الأبدية وكيف تمكن فويرباخ من وضع الإنسان في مساره الصحيح بعد اكتشاف فويرباخ وتأكيده لما أطلقنا عليه حضور الأبدية.
This paper describes that Iwami-Tatamigaura was uplifted during the 1872 Hamada earthquake based on the analysis of the height and ages of emerged sessile assemblage, and topographic data. In two sea ...caves located in the northern part of the survey area, we observed the emerged sessile assemblage, which consists mainly of calcareous tubeworm, Pomatoleios kraussii, and collected samples for 14C dating and measured their altitude referring against the Tokyo Peil (T.P.). Two levels of assemblage distributed at 1.29 to 1.78 m (T.P.) in the upper and 0.90 to 1.28 m (T.P.) in the lower can be recognized in the East Cave. Analyzing the calibrated 14C age data of the lower assemblage, their height relative to the vertical living range of the present assemblage, and adjacent tide gauge data, it is inferred that the northern part of Iwami-Tatamigaura has 0.8-1.1 m uplifted during the 1872 Hamada earthquake. Assuming a 0.8 m coseismic uplift in the whole of survey area, most of the central and the southern parts of wave-cut-bench would be submerged below the low tide before the earthquake, based on the height distribution represented by Digital Surface Model created from the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle survey. This result shows a discrepancy with the fact that the most part of the wave-cut-bench had already emerged in the historical picture “Tokonoura-Ezu” painted in 1817. To explain the landscape of the picture, the amount of coseismic uplift in the central and the southern part must be 0.3-0.4 m or less. These data suggest that the regional difference in the amount of uplift occurred between the northern part and the central to southern part. Because no recent surface rupture can be identified between the two areas, such crustal deformation was probably caused by tilting movements toward the south or the southwest. We also propose the other emergence event before the 1872 Hamada earthquake from the upper assemblage in the East Cave. Calibrated 14C age data and height of them suggest a relative sea-level fall of at least 0.4 m around the 14th century or later. This result seems that coseismic uplift event has occurred with an interval of about 500 years, but there are the other several candidates for the cause of this phenomenon, such as intermittent small uplifts with short intervals, aseismic uplift, and eustatic sea-level fall.
Codes of law are meant to provide a coherent whole within a given taxonomy of law. The code is a very old idea; think Justinian. In the English context, Jeremy Bentham revived the idea at the end of ...the 18th century. The systematisation of law in a code, by high-level principles or rules, contrasts with the organic evolution of law through decisions made on particular disputes by courts. The British worked on the possibility of codes within two frames: codes for Britain and codes for the Empire. This article looks at a particular moment in making the first commercial code for India, the 'Indian Contract Act 1872' (India). The resignation of the Law Commissioners who had initially drafted that Act raises a question where there is an intersection of law and history, namely where should authority to make law lie?
The 'Egyptian Intervention in Mexico' remains a little-known episode in the history of American foreign relations. This article examines United States Secretary of State William Seward's protest ...against that intervention, demonstrating that his response was both a restoration and an expansion of the Monroe Doctrine.
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