Ever since the beginning of the Enlightenment in Germany, when the question of what Enlightenment arose, the early Hebrew Maskilim in Berlin struggled to define Haskalah in their own way while ...adjusting it to their cultural and social circumstances.
Seventy years later, in the middle of the nineteenth century, several Maskilim continued to ponder the nature and essence of Haskalah, as evidenced in Kochvei Yitzhak, the Hebrewlanguage journal of the Haskalah in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1845–1873).
This article examines several typical trends among three major Maskilim who attempted to define Haskalah and, moreover, who is a Maskil. All three published their writings in Kochvei Yitzhak for many years, thereby attesting to their commitment to Haskalah, their involvement in it, and their activities in disseminating it.
The first, Selig Mondschein, a writer and principal of the Hebrew school in Bolechów, was contacted by a young Maskil who asked to show him the right way of pursuing Haskalah. The young Maskil claimed that none of his teachers had satisfied his curiosity; all had failed to show him the way to wisdom. The elder Maskil advised him to learn languages, especially German, which would open for him a new vista of knowledge and understanding. Mondschein provided him with a recommended reading list. Interestingly, the works in question were published by early Maskilim in Berlin, e.g., Mendelssohn’s Be’ur, and became mainstays on the Haskalah bookshelf. He also mentioned fundamental works of Maimonides and Ibn Ezra in medieval Jewish philosophy, from which the Maskilim took guidance.
The second Maskil, Yehiel Meller, who also published many articles and stories in Kochvei Yitzhak, wrote to his future son-in-law when the latter consulted him about some of his creative writings. Meller advised him first to seek hochma (wisdom and knowledge) and then to learn German, which would admit him to the worlds of poetry and rhetoric—but not to forsake his adherence to Judaism.
The third Maskil, Dr. Nathan Friedländer, who was trained as a doctor, recounted his dissatisfaction with his studies of Talmud and described his resulting change of direction, a quest for knowledge and scholarship elsewhere. Initially, he sought the combination of Torah and Wisdom in one place but to his disappointment could not find a rabbinical seminary that would accept him for training as a modern rabbi.
All in all, these Maskilim, like their early counterparts in Berlin, realized that the path to Haskalah would be paved through education—not the old archaic Jewish religious education but a revised version of their creation, with the introduction of modern curricula and secular subjects.
From November 12th to 13th in 1872, an extreme coastal flood event occurred in the south Baltic Sea. An unusual combination of winds created a storm surge reaching up to 3.5 m above mean sea level, ...which is more than a meter higher than all other observations over the past 200 years. On the Danish, German, and Swedish coasts, about 300 people lost their lives. The consequences of the storm in Denmark and Germany were more severe than in Sweden, with significantly larger destruction and higher numbers of casualties. In Denmark and Germany, the 1872 storm has been more extensively documented and remembered and still influences local and regional risk awareness. A comparative study indicates that the collective memory of the 1872 storm is related to the background knowledge about floods, the damage extent, and the response to the storm. Flood marks and dikes help to remember the events. In general, coastal flood defence is to the largest degree implemented in the affected areas in Germany, followed by Denmark, and is almost absent in Sweden, corresponding to the extent of the collective memory of the 1872 storm. Within the affected countries, there is local variability of flood risk awareness associated with the collective memory of the storm. Also, the economic dependency on flood-prone areas and conflicting interests with the tourism industry have influence on flood protection decisions. The processes of climate change adaptation and implementation of the EU Floods Directive are slowly removing these differences in flood risk management approaches.
Jung's correspondence with one of the twentieth
century's leading theologians and ecumenicists On
Theology and Psychology brings together C. G. Jung's
correspondence with Adolf Keller, a celebrated ...Protestant
theologian who was one of the pioneers of the modern ecumenical
movement and one of the first religious leaders to become
interested in analytical psychology. Their relationship spanned
half a century, and for many years Keller was the only major
religious leader to align himself with Jung and his ideas. Both men
shared a lifelong engagement with questions of faith, and each
grappled with God in his own distinctive way. Presented here in
English for the first time are letters that provide a rare look at
Jung in dialogue with a theologian. Spanning some fifty years,
these letters reveal an extended intellectual and spiritual
discourse between two very different men as they exchange views on
the nature of the divine, the compatibility of Jungian psychology
and Christianity, the interpretation of the Bible and figures such
as Jesus and Job, and the phenomenon of National Socialism.
Although Keller was powerfully attracted to Jung's ideas, his
correspondence with the famed psychiatrist demonstrates that he
avoided discipleship. Both men struggled with essential questions
about human existence, spirituality, and well-being, and both
sought common ground where the concerns of psychologists and
theologians converge. Featuring an illuminating introduction by
Marianne Jehle-Wildberger, On Theology and Psychology
offers incomparable insights into the development of Jung's views
on theology and religion, and a unique window into a spiritual and
intellectual friendship unlike any other.
This book explores the influence of Young Europe - an international alliance founded by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1834 - on the Polish, Slovak, Czech, and Ukrainian intelligentsia in the first half of the ...nineteenth century.
The Indian court's rigid application of the last-shot rule to resolve the problem of the battle of forms among conflicting standard terms in domestic disputes has resulted in unreasonableness and has ...fostered the conclusion of contracts in bad faith. Likewise, although there is substantial evidence to prove the existence of party autonomy in the choice of law and jurisdiction under Indian private international law, its courts have failed to delineate a coherent solution for "battles" arising on these aspects. The paper thus examines the plausibility of employing the solutions prescribed by the unidroit's Principles on International Commercial Contracts and the Hague Conference on Private International Law's Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts on the subject, as gap-fillers to interpret, supplement or develop the Indian national and private international law.
In civil law, a complaint is the very first formal action taken to officially begin a lawsuit. It contains the allegations against the defense, the specific laws violated, the facts that led to the ...dispute, and any demands made by the plaintiff to restore justice. If a complaint is incomplete in a way that it does not comprise all the necessary facts and legal reasons sufficient to support a claim against the defendant, it can lead to judicial errors and breaches of laws. That is a reason why precise and detailed legal regulation regarding initial document in a lawsuit is of great significance for plaintiff's success in litigation. The author of Code of Civil Procedure from 1865 was fully aware of this fact and therefore complaint was meticulously regulated in 23 paragraphs. As these provisions were in all respects satisfactory, they were not amended during the whole period that the Code was in force. Minister of Justice Stojan Veljković, however, proposed amendments to a few paragraphs concerning complaint in his draft from 1872 but, since this document was never enacted, aforementioned provisions remained unrevised.
الحب في فلسفة فويرباخ شباني، منذر; شعبان، رزان يونس أحمد
مجلة جامعة تشرين للبحوث والدراسات العلمية- سلسلة الآداب والعلوم الانسانية,
2016, Letnik:
38, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
حاول فويرباخ أن يجعل من الحب قوة لا تعادلها قوة، فهو الغالب لكل من يواجهه حتى لو كان الله، فالحب هو المنتصر، وهذا ما جعل من مفهوم الحب عند فويرباخ مفهوما متميزا عن كل من تناوله من الفلاسفة قبله، هذا ...الحب الذي يتغلغل في المادة والروح معا فهو لا ينفصل عن جسدنا، ولا يعيش خارج روحنا، بل هو أساس الجسد وماهية الروح. أراد فويرباخ أن يجعل من الحب صلة وصل بين إنسان وآخر، فلا حب بوجود أحدهما دون الآخر، ولا يقف فويرباخ عند هذا الحد بل لا يعترف بوجود إنسان غير محب، فمن لا يحب ليس موجود، حتى الدين إذا لم يقم على أساس الحب ليس له منفعة ولا أهمية لأن الحب هو العلة، أي أن السبب وراء وجود الدين هو الحب.
In 1840 the first rail link between Basel and Strasbourg was inaugurated and the first stage of the industrial revolution ended. From this date the rapid and great engineering technical advances that ...had been taking place over the previous years originated a change in the architectural models. This article aims to demonstrate that during the period 1840–1872 innovative engineering techniques and technologies transformed the previous architectural models and that although most of the innovations took place in England the theoretical debate and the definition of the new model took place in France.
In the mid-nineteenth century, Horace Greeley'sNew-York Tribunehad the largest national circulation of any newspaper in the United States. Its contributors included many of the leading minds of the ...period-Margaret Fuller, Henry James Sr., Charles Dana, and Karl Marx. TheTribunewas also a locus of social democratic thought that closely matched the ideology of Greeley, its founder and editor, who was a noted figure in politics and reform movements.
Adam Tuchinsky's book recalls an earlier style of opinion media, with "participant editors" acting not unlike today's Internet journalists-professionals and amateurs alike-who digest the news and also shape it. It will appeal to all readers interested in the history of the media and its relationship to partisan politics. During its Greeley era, theTribunewas simultaneously an influential voice in the Whig and Republican parties and a vigorous advocate of socialism. Historians and biographers have struggled to reconcile these seemingly contradictory tendencies.
Tuchinsky's history of theTribune, by placing the newspaper and its ideology squarely within the political, economic, and intellectual climate of Civil War-era America, illustrates the connection between socialist reform and mainstream political thought. It was democratic socialism-favoring free labor, and bridging the divide between individualism and collectivism-that allowed Greeley'sTribuneto forge a coalition of such disparate elements as the old Whigs, new Free Soil men, labor, and staunch abolitionists. This progressive coalition helped ensure the political success of the Republican Party. Indeed, even in 1860, proslavery ideologue George Fitzhugh referred to socialism as Greeley's "lost book"-the overlooked but crucial source of the Tribune's and, by extension, the Republican Party's antagonism toward slavery and its more general free labor ideology.
Tuchinsky brings forth this lost history and demonstrates that, amid the sectional crisis and the battle over slavery, Greeley and theTribunepromoted a viable form of democratic socialism that formed one foundation of modern liberalism in America.
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