Comment la publicité, activité encore balbutiante vers 1900, devient-elle en quelques décennies une profession disposant de son propre pavillon à l'Exposition internationale des arts et des ...techniques dans la vie moderne de Paris en 1937 ? Comment s'organisent les publicitaires, sur quelles autres professions prennent-ils modèle ? Quelle est la nature de leurs relations avec les milieux d'affaires, les « rationalisateurs » ou les affichistes ? Comment répondent-ils aux critiques de la publicité murale qui envahit les murs ? Analysant les pratiques collectives des publicitaires et l'apparition de nouvelles techniques commerciales dans la première moitié du xxe siècle, Marie-Emmanuelle Chessel montre comment publicitaires, industriels, commerçants, affichistes, voire détracteurs, participent, parfois de manière conflictuelle, à l'invention de la publicité moderne. Cet ouvrage nous fait voyager dans une France en mutation, confrontée aux valeurs naissantes liées à l'arrivée de la société de consommation.
Energy shortages, climate change, and the debate over national security have thrust oil policy to the forefront of American politics. How did Americans grow so dependent on petroleum, and what can we ...learn from our history that will help us craft successful policies for the future? In this timely and absorbing book, Paul Sabin challenges us to see politics and law as crucial forces behind the dramatic growth of the U.S. oil market during the twentieth century. Using pre-World War II California as a case study of oil production and consumption, Sabin demonstrates how struggles in the legislature and courts over property rights, regulatory law, and public investment determined the shape of the state's petroleum landscape. Sabin provides a powerful corrective to the enduring myth of "free markets" by demonstrating how political decisions affected the institutions that underlie California's oil economy and how the oil market and price structure depend significantly on the ways in which policy questions were answered before World War II. His concise and probing analysis casts fresh light on the historical relationship between business and government and on the origins of contemporary problems such as climate change and urban sprawl. Incisive, engaging, and meticulously researched,Crude Politicsilluminates an important chapter in U.S. environmental, legal, business, and political history and the history of the American West.
Por décadas historiadores economicos de América Latina han estudiado las materias primas, para explicar el carácter de las conexiones comerciales internacionales de la región, pero muy pocas han ...reflexionado sobre la ganadería. En este artículo se propone que esta falta de interés se encuentra relacionado con las características propias de las regiones ganaderas. Por ejemplo, examinando el estado brasileño de Mato Grosso, se observa que las dificultades para ingresar en el mercado están relacionadas directamente con la combinación de prioridades contradictórias, ineficiencias, e ideas preconcebidas. Se concluye que esta falta de dinamismo oculta las transformaciones que impactaron de manera significativa otras regiones ganaderas, que merecen más atención en un momento en el que los efectos de la ganadería tropical capta la atención pública.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Negative shocks to childhood health can have a lasting impact on the economic success of an individual by altering families' schooling investment decisions. This article introduces a new dataset of ...brothers serving in World War II and uses it to demonstrate that improvements in childhood health led to substantial increases in educational attainment in the first one-half of the twentieth century. By exploiting variation in health within families, the data show that this relationship between childhood health and educational attainment holds even after controlling for both observed and unobserved household and environmental characteristics.
Cet article propose une critique de l’histoire des sciences du climat pendant la première moitié du xx e siècle en mettant en rapport l’histoire de l’environnement de la Haute Asie comme sujet de ...recherche pour l’Europe savante, et l’évaluation de théories et de données sur le changement climatique. Nos sources d’information sont les publications de Sven Hedin et les archives et les cartes de la mission scientifique sino-suédoise en Chine occidentale. Réalisées en Asie mais conçues pour des lecteurs européens, les cartes topographiques de la Route de la Soie montrent les processus du savoir de l’époque, et représentent des agents de l’histoire ainsi que des identités professionnelles en construction.
Leading scholar Stephen Kern offers a probing analysis of the modernist novel, encompassing American, British and European works. Organized thematically, the book offers a comprehensive analysis of ...the stunningly original formal innovations in novels by Conrad, Joyce, Woolf, Proust, Gide, Faulkner, Dos Passos, Kafka, Musil and others. Kern contextualizes and explains how formal innovations captured the dynamic history of the period, reconstructed as ten master narratives. He also draws briefly on poetry and painting of the first half of the twentieth century. The Modernist Novel is set to become a fundamental source for discussions of the genre and a useful introduction to the subject for students and scholars of modernism and twentieth-century literature.
This book argues that there are constitutive links between early twentieth-century German and French film theory and practice, on the one hand, and vitalist conceptions of life in biology and ...philosophy, on the other. By considering classical film-theoretical texts and their filmic objects in the light of vitalist ideas percolating in scientific and philosophical texts of the time, Cinematic Vitalism reveals the formation of a modernist, experimental and cinematic strand of vitalism in and around the movie theater. The book focuses on the key concepts including rhythm, environment, mood, and development to show how the cinematic vitalism articulated by film theorists and filmmakers maps out connections among human beings, milieus, and technologies that continue to structure our understanding of film.
Christianity can find a home in African culture. This book describes attemps - of varying degrees of success - to integrate Christianity and African culture. It analyses how Tanzanian Christians ...redefined their roles in reaction to the cultural approach presented by the missionaries.
Measurement of the value of “media capture” (the control of newspapers by business or political interests) is difficult. However, if capture is valuable, it should affect the price of newspaper ...shares. Useful information about the value of media capture should be retrievable from Stock Exchange data. Interwar France provides a unique setting to implement this idea because key newspapers floated voting and nonvoting stocks. Combined with takeover prices, data yield estimates of the price of media capture and of the time-series evolution of this price. Comparison with Britain sheds new light on a dark episode of French history.
This study calculates the cost of subsistence and respectability consumption baskets to derive 'welfare ratios' for 11 cities in the Japanese Empire as defined by Allen and his colleagues. Nominal ...wages tended to be higher where higher prices prevailed, and vice versa. Prices and nominal wages remained highest in Japan and lowest in Manchuria, with Korea and Taiwan being placed in between. Welfare ratios remained roughly comparable in the 1910s in the imperial cities outside Manchuria, where unskilled workers enjoyed substantially higher living standards. Interwar decades saw real wages rise in Tokyo, but fall in Dalian, which caused convergence in workers' income levels. Wage divergence occurred within Manchuria, as workers in Shenyang and Changchun enjoyed an improving welfare ratio. Real wages rose more slowly in Korean and Taiwanese than in Japanese cities. Replacing a subsistence lifestyle with a 'respectable' lifestyle yields a significantly different picture of the evolution of the real wage gap within the empire, which contradicts findings reported by existing studies in important respects.
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