Founded by Peter the Great in 1718, Russia’s police were key instruments of tsarist power. In the reign of Alexander II (1855-1881), local police forces took on new importance. The liberation of 23 ...million serfs from landlord control, growing fear of crime, and the terrorist violence of the closing years challenged law enforcement with new tasks that made worse what was already a staggering burden. This book describes the regime’s decades-long struggle to reform and strengthen the police. The author reviews the local police’s role and performance in the mid-nineteenth century and the implications of the largely unsuccessful effort to transform them. From a longer-term perspective, the study considers how the police’s systemic weaknesses undermined tsarist rule, impeded a range of liberalizing reforms, perpetuated reliance on the military to maintain law and order, and gave rise to vigilante justice. While its primary focus is on European Russia, the analysis also covers much of the imperial periphery, discussing the police systems in the Baltic Provinces, Congress Poland, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Siberia.
In this third volume of Russian Colonization of Alaska ,
Andrei Val'terovich Grinëv examines the final period in the history
of Russian America, from naval officers' coming to power in the
colonies ...(1818) to the sale of Alaska to the United States (1867).
During this time, in addition to the extraction of furs, other
kinds of modern production continued to develop in Alaska,
including shipbuilding, cutting and mining of timber and coal, and
harvesting fish and ice for export. Grinëv's definitive volume
explores how certain economic successes could not prevent the
growth of crisis phenomena. Due to the low competitiveness of
products and the distributive nature of the economy, the Russian
colonial system could not compete with the dynamically developing
Anglo-American capitalist colonization. Russian Colonization of
Alaska is the first comprehensive study to analyze the origin
and evolution of Russian colonization based on research into
political economy, history, and ethnography. Grinëv's study
elaborates the social, political, spiritual, ideological, personal,
and psychological aspects of Russian America, and accounts for the
idiosyncrasies of the natural environment, competition from other
North American empires, Alaska Natives, and individual colonial
diplomats. The colonization of Alaska, rather than being simply a
continuation of the colonization of Siberia by Russians, was
instead part of overarching Russian and global history.
The following extracts from the diary and letters of Nelson Fell provide an insight into the revolutionary events taking place between February and May 1917 from the perspective of an overseas ...eyewitness. After detailing his visit to the Romanov family in Tsarskoe Selo, Fell outlines the gradual unfolding of the events of the revolution as they took place on the streets of Moscow and, later, in Petrograd. One of his letters details his experience of train travel during his trip to Kazan’ in March 1917. In the final extract from May 1917, Fell considers the fate of Tsarism and the future prospects for further revolution in Russia.
Este trabalho teve, como objetivo principal, a análise das letras das canções presentes em um folheto de autoria desconhecida (“Rubros Cantares”) que circulou pela cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, ...durante o curto período da greve anarquista de 1917. Pôde-se constatar, a partir da leitura do material, que o anarquismo brasileiro do início do século XX utilizou-se das canções de protesto e de crítica social como forma de fortalecer um “estado emocional coletivo” entre o operariado que propiciasse as condições de emergência de um movimento protestatório de cunho revolucionário. No que diz respeito às temáticas trabalhadas nas letras, pôde-se observar que elas transitavam em pelo menos sete eixos principais: (a) valores; (b) denúncia e esclarecimento da pobreza e da situação de vida da classe trabalhadora; (c) crítica à burguesia, ao Estado e à política; (d) utopia de uma sociedade anarquista; (e) necessidade de um movimento revolucionário; (f) realidade da revolução em outros países e internacionalismo; e (g) aproximações do vocabulário religioso católico e da mitologia grega com o sofrimento da classe trabalhadora.
A Century of Repression offers an unprecedented and
panoramic history of the use of the Espionage Act of 1917 as the
most important yet least understood law threatening freedom of the
press in modern ...American history. It details government use of the
Act to control information about U.S. military and foreign policy
during the two World Wars, the Cold War, and the War on Terror. The
Act has provided cover for the settling of political scores,
illegal break-ins, and prosecutorial misconduct.
InKnowledge and the Ends of Empire, Ian W. Campbell investigates the connections between knowledge production and policy formation on the Kazak steppes of the Russian Empire. Hoping to better govern ...the region, tsarist officials were desperate to obtain reliable information about an unfamiliar environment and population. This thirst for knowledge created opportunities for Kazak intermediaries to represent themselves and their landscape to the tsarist state. Because tsarist officials were uncertain of what the steppe was, and disagreed on what could be made of it, Kazaks were able to be part of these debates, at times influencing the policies that were pursued.
Drawing on archival materials from Russia and Kazakhstan and a wide range of nineteenth-century periodicals in Russian and Kazak, Campbell tells a story that highlights the contingencies of and opportunities for cooperation with imperial rule. Kazak intermediaries were at first able to put forward their own idiosyncratic views on whether the steppe was to be Muslim or secular, whether it should be a center of stock-raising or of agriculture, and the extent to which local institutions needed to give way to imperial institutions. It was when the tsarist state was most confident in its knowledge of the steppe that it committed its gravest errors by alienating Kazak intermediaries and placing unbearable stresses on pastoral nomads. From the 1890s on, when the dominant visions in St. Petersburg were of large-scale peasant colonization of the steppe and its transformation into a hearth of sedentary agriculture, the same local knowledge that Kazaks had used to negotiate tsarist rule was transformed into a language of resistance.
No conflict of the Great War excites stronger emotions than the war in Flanders in the autumn of 1917, and no name better encapsulates the horror and apparent futility of the Western Front than ...Passchendaele. By its end there had been 275,000 Allied and 200,000 German casualties. Yet the territorial gains made by the Allies in four desperate months were won back by Germany in only three days the following March. The devastation at Passchendaele, the authors argue, was neither inevitable nor inescapable; perhaps it was not necessary at all. Using a substantial archive of official and private records, much of which has never been previously consulted, Trevor Wilson and Robin Prior provide the fullest account of the campaign ever published. The book examines the political dimension at a level which has hitherto been absent from accounts of "Third Ypres." It establishes what did occur, the options for alternative action, and the fundamental responsibility for the carnage. Prior and Wilson consider the shifting ambitions and stratagems of the high command, examine the logistics of war, and assess what the available manpower, weaponry, technology, and intelligence could realistically have hoped to achieve. And, most powerfully of all, they explore the experience of the soldiers in the light-whether they knew it or not-of what would never be accomplished.
With the in-depth and comprehensive study of bacteria and their related ecosystems in the human body, bacterial-based drug delivery system has become an emerging biomimetic platform that can retain ...the innate biological functions. Benefiting from its good biocompatibility and ideal targeting ability as a biological carrier, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (ECN) has been focused on the treatment strategies of inflammatory bowel disease and tumor. The advantage of a bacterial carrier is that it can express exogenous protein while also acting as a natural capsule by releasing drug slowly as a result of its own colonization impact. In order to survive in harsh environments such as the digestive tract and tumor microenvironment, ECN can be modified or genetically engineered to enhance its function and host adaptability. The adoption of ECN carries or expresses drugs which are essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment. This review briefly describes the properties of ECN, the relationship between ECN and inflammation and tumor, and the strategy of using surface modification and genetic engineering to modify ECN as a delivery carrier for disease treatment.
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The West has been accused of seeing the East in a hostile and deprecatory light, as the legacy of nineteenth-century European imperialism. In this highly original and controversial book, David ...Schimmelpenninck van der Oye examines Russian thinking about the Orient before the Revolution of 1917. Exploring the writings, poetry, and art of representative individuals including Catherine the Great, Alexander Pushkin, Alexander Borodin, and leading orientologists, Schimmelpenninck argues that the Russian Empire's bi-continental geography, its ambivalent relationship with the rest of Europe, and the complicated nature of its encounter with Asia have all resulted in a variegated and often surprisingly sympathetic understanding of the East among its people.
Engineered microbes are rapidly being developed for the delivery of therapeutic modalities to sites of disease. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), a genetically tractable probiotic with a ...well-established human safety record, is emerging as a favored chassis. Here, we summarize the latest progress in rationally engineered variants of EcN for the treatment of infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) when administered orally, as well as cancers when injected directly into tumors or the systemic circulation. We also discuss emerging studies that raise potential safety concerns regarding these EcN-based strains as therapeutics due to their secretion of a genotoxic colibactin that can promote the formation of DNA double-stranded breaks in mammalian DNA.
Due to its genetic tractability; track record of safety in humans; and ability to home to, survive, and replicate in the gastrointestinal tract and tumors, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) has become a favored chassis for engineering ‘smart microbes’ that deliver therapeutic modalities to sites of disease.EcN variants engineered with new therapeutic properties via alterations in its metabolic pathways or the introduction of in situ drug delivery systems are showing promise for the treatment of bacterial infections, inflammatory bowel diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer.Clinical trials are underway to test the safety and efficacy of EcN-based smart microbes for inborn diseases of metabolism and cancer.EcN synthesizes a genotoxin called colibactin capable of causing DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells, raising safety concerns about its use clinically.
