This comprehensive history of the native and maritime fur trade in Alaska during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is without precedent. The Bering Strait formed the nexus of the circumpolar ...fur trade in which Russians, British, Americans, and members of fifty native nations competed and cooperated. The desire to dominate the fur trade fed the European expansion into the most remote regions of Asia and America and was an agent of massive change in these regions.
Award-winning author John R. Bockstoce fills a major gap in the historiography of the area in covering the scientific, commercial, and foreign-relations implications of the northern fur trade. In addition, the book provides rare insight into the relationship between the Western powers and the Native Americans who provided them with fur, ivory, and whalebone in exchange for manufactured goods, tobacco, tea, alcohol, and hundreds of other things. But this is also the story of the enterprising individuals who energized the Alaskan fur trade and, in doing so, forever altered the region's history.
The need to re-evaluate the historical experience of the revolutionary events of 1917, the civil war and the subsequent establishment of the Bolshevik regime was and remains one of the topical issues ...of Russian history. The article is devoted to the functioning of the anti-Bolshevik government in the years of the civil war in Russia after 1917, and Covers the causes and background of the revolutionary events of February – October 1917, a possible alternative exit from the crisis of 1917. The reasons of defeat of «white movement», in particular, some aspects of agrarian policy of anti-Bolshevik governments and on a national question are considered
Probiotics play an important role against infectious pathogens, such as
(
), mainly through the production of antimicrobial compounds and their immunomodulatory effect. This protection can be ...detected both on the live probiotic microorganisms and in their inactive forms (paraprobiotics). Probiotics may affect different cells involved in immunity, such as macrophages. Macrophages are activated through contact with microorganisms or their products (lipopolysaccharides, endotoxins or cell walls). The aim of this work was the evaluation of the effect of two probiotic bacteria (
Nissle 1917 and
subsp.
HN019 on macrophage cell line J774A.1 when challenged with two pathogenic strains of
. Macrophage activation was revealed through the detection of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species by flow cytometry. The effect varied depending on the kind of probiotic preparation (immunobiotic, paraprobiotic or postbiotic) and on the strain of
(enterohemorrhagic or enteropathogenic). A clear immunomodulatory effect was observed in all cases. A higher production of ROS compared with RNS was also observed.
Background
Chronic ethanol (EtOH) consumption is associated with oxidative tissue damage, decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities, and increase in hepatic and plasma lipids. This study investigates ...the effect of modified probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) secreting pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) against EtOH‐induced metabolic disorder in rats.
Methods
Male Charles Foster rats were gavaged with EtOH (5 g/kg body weight acute study and 3 g/kg body weight per day for 10 weeks chronic study).
Results
Pretreatment of PQQ, vitamin C, and PQQ‐secreting EcN prevented acute EtOH‐induced oxidative damage in rats reflected by reduced lipid peroxidation in blood and liver and increased hepatic reduced glutathione. However, PQQ given externally was found to be most effective against acute EtOH toxicity. In the chronic study, rats treated with PQQ‐secreting EcN showed remarkable reduction in oxidative tissue damage (liver, colon, blood, and kidney) with significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activities as compared to only EtOH‐treated rats. Additionally, these rats had significantly lowered hepatic and plasma lipid levels with concomitant reduction in mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase (0.5‐fold) and increase in mRNA expression of acyl coenzyme A oxidase (2.4‐fold) in hepatic tissue. Antioxidant and hyperlipidemic effects of PQQ‐secreting EcN are correlated with increased colonic short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; i.e., acetate, propionate, and butyrate) levels, and PQQ concentration in fecal samples (2‐fold) and liver (4‐fold). Extracted PQQ and vitamin C were given once a week, but they did not exhibit any ameliorative effect against chronic EtOH toxicity.
Conclusions
Accumulated PQQ in tissues prevents hepatic and systemic oxidative damage. PQQ along with SCFAs reduced hyperlipidemia, which can be correlated with changes in mRNA expression of hepatic lipid metabolizing genes. Our study suggests that endogenous generation of PQQ by EcN could be an effective strategy in preventing alcoholic liver disease.
פעילות מהפכנית מושתתת על הבנה מסוימת של השיטה הפוליטית ושל העומדים בראשה. באופן מסורתי, היסטוריונים שעסקו במהפכה של שנת 1917 התמקדו במהפכנים, וניסו להבין כיצד תפשו אלה את מצבה של המדינה הרוסית בשנים ...שלפני המהפכה. במאמר זה בוחן בוריס קולוניצקי את הלכי הרוח הציבוריים בחברה הרוסית בתקופה הטרום־מהפכנית, וכיצד נתפשו המונרכיה והצאר הרוסי האחרון, ניקולאי השני, בעיני ציבורים שונים. הוא טוען שחקר תרבות ההמונים מאפשר להבין טוב יותר את הארכיטיפים של התודעה הפוליטית הרוסית, ואומר שאי־שביעות הרצון מהצאר שימשה כנקודת מוצא להקצנת התודעה ולשלילה של שיטת הממשל המלוכנית. בה בעת אפשרה תפישה פוליטית זו לשמור על האלמנטים האוטוריטריים של התרבות הפוליטית הרוסית, וזאת למרות השאיפות הדמוקרטיות והרפובליקניות של מנהיגי מהפכת פברואר 1917
It is common knowledge that in parallel to the European conflict known as the First World War, Mexico was going through one of the most important historical events in the contemporary history of ...Latin America: the Mexican Revolution. Its advent dramatically reconfigured the Mexican state in the political, economic and social, but also left in evidence the need, or perhaps the opportunity, in times of war (1914-1918) to implement a new speech on foreign policy towards the Latin American nations. So, this article will study how and under what conditions the government of Venustiano Carranza was given the task of outlining a Latin Americanist speech, as a counterweight to the international pressures on Mexico by the powers involved in the European struggle. According to this, three different but consecutive moments will be showcased, in which this speech has emerged as an important point in the foreign policy of constitutionalism: first, regarding diplomatic policy towards the United States; later, in relation to the role of Mexico during the European conflict and, finally, in what concerns the place that Mexico should occupy in the international concert at the end of the First World War.
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