As a result of the National Struggle, which can also be described as the struggle for the survival of Turkishness, the Turkish nation has shown the whole world what they can endure for the sake of an ...inch of land even under very difficult conditions. In the absence of a regular army during the period of the National Struggle, we see that a number of patriotic formations emerged to protect the unity of the homeland. These formations, called Kuvâ-yi Milliye, mean voluntary militia units that came together against the occupation forces for the independence of the homeland by taking strength from their national feelings. During the National Struggle, Turkish people supported the independence movement in all regions. In this process, Bayat district of Afyonkarahisar, known for its proximity to strategic cities in the National Struggle such as Eskişehir, Akşehir and Afyonkarahisar, was exposed to the occupation attempts of the Greek army in its struggle for independence. Although Bayat was not directly in the hot spot in the Battle of Sakarya and the Major Assault of Turkish Army due to its location, it was a settlement where the necessary military services and Tekâlif-i Milliye orders were implemented for the National Struggle. Lieutenant Colonel Arif Bey, who has not been sufficiently mentioned in the pages of history, came to his hometown Bayat as a result of the arrest warrant issued by the Istanbul Government against him, supported the Kuvâ-yi Milliye movement in the Central Anatolia region and played an active role in suppressing the rebellions that emerged in the immediate vicinity. One of the important works of Lieutenant Colonel Arif Bey in this process is that he united the militia forces around him under his command and established the Karakeçili National Regiment and created an important support force for the National Struggle. In this study, which was created by making use of archival documents, memoirs, researches and information in periodicals, we aimed to make a historical contribution to the understanding of the local and national values of Turkish independence.
As the front of the northeastward-growth region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau since the Cenozoic, arcuate fold-and-thrust belts are the main features of local tectonic deformation. However, the ...formation mechanism of these arcuate structures is still an open question. We present 3D finite-element models with elasto-plastic rheology to understand the formation-evolution of arcuate folds here comprising real regional fault-zones including the Haiyuan, Xiang Shan–Tianjing Shan, Yantong Shan, and Niushou Shan faults since ∼10 Ma. The reference-model equivalent-plastic-strain (EPS) concentration zones develop outwardly-NE in spatio-temporal sequence, with development geometry and timing in good agreement with the geologic fault-zone structures. Our reference-model-based sensitivity analysis suggest that the horizontal northeastward compression of the region being bounded by a frictional vicinity (rigid Alxa and Ordos blocks hindering the advancement) have the dominant control on the formation and evolution of these arcuate fold-and-thrust belts perpendicular to the contraction axis. In contrast, the likely-small rotations imprinted by the Ordos and Alxa blocks and the minor shearing of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, have only secondary effects. An additional, generic sensitivity analysis reveals that the folds’ horizontal curvature per unit horizontal shortening-displacement increases with the friction on the bounding vicinity, and this result could be considered for other scenarios of Earth and other planets. Historical regional earthquakes of M > 6 are mostly located in the simulated EPS concentration zones: the 1920 Haiyuan and 1709 Zhongwei earthquakes occurred on the Haiyuan and Xiang Shan–Tianjing Shan faults, respectively, well correlated with our model high-EPS concentration zones.
•3D elastoplastic models simulated the arcuate structural belts formation in the NE margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.•Tectonic shortening dominates the development of plasticity bands, while rotations and shearing have secondary effects.•A higher frictional coefficient leads to higher curvature of arcuate deformation bands.•EPS concentration zones in the study area are correlated with historical earthquakes, forming a local seismogenic zone.
The work Slovak Coup, which maps the events associated with the end of the First World War in Slovak realities, is one of the key works of Karol Anton Medvecky, who was an important political, ...ecclesiastical and cultural figure in Slovak society in the first third of the twentieth century. As secretary of the Slovak National Council and a signatory of the Martin Declaration, he was an important participant in the groundbreaking events of 1918. In this paper, we discuss some selected aspects of the origin and significance of Mevecky’s work, such as the social background, the author’s aim, the reaction in the political battles of the interwar period and an assessment of its relevance for today’s historiography, which in our opinion provide the basic characteristics necessary to understand the Slovak Coup and its author from social as well as historiographical point of view. The work does not attempt to exhaust the examined issue, but does want to be the basis and stimulus for its deeper research.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The immortal leader of the nation, the kind commander, the liberator, Poland’s finest son, and finally, beloved grandfather. This is how, inter alia, the newspapers described Józef Piłsudski after ...his death. The press emphasised that he had fought steadfastly for the freedom of Poland, freed the country from the shackles of slavery and then defended its borders, protecting Poles from their enemy. How the magazines addressed to children and adolescents wrote about it in the middle of the 1930s? The author looks for an answer to this question by analysing the successive issues of the weekly “Płomyk” magazine. He checks what picture of mourning emerges from the articles published in the magazine. He studies how the memory of the Marshal was built, maintained and cared for. The author of the article analyses, inter alia, poems, stories, mentions and letters sent to the magazine and the staff’s responses to the received correspondence. In this way, he tries to reconstruct the emotions, to which the authors of the papers published in “Płomyk” are responding or trying to evoke.
With the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes after the First World War, the new state got the Kingdom of Romania as a neighbour. Disagreements that existed between the two ...countries regarding the demarcation in Banat were resolved by the marriage of the King Alexander I Karađorđević and the Romanian Princess Maria Hohenzollern. The royal marriage was the basis for further development of allied relations between the states in the period between the two world wars. The partnership was strengthened by military-political pacts within the framework of the Little Entente and the Balkan Pact. The peace treaties concluded during the Versailles Conference did not guarantee the security of minor European countries such as the Kingdom of SHS and Romania. The revisionist aspirations of the joint neighbours of Hungary and Bulgaria developed friendly relations that Belgrade and Bucharest needed to deter the enemy from taking any action. The Yugoslav public viewed Romania as a friendly country, so diplomatic activities within the two alliances were closely monitored by the press. In addition, many public workers were concerned with analysing perspectives that could benefit the two countries in the future. The fact that Romania was a significant ally was evidenced by the fact that in December 1938 the mission was promoted to the rank of embassy, which was the first embassy in the diplomatic history of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In this paper, we intend to present the development of allied relations between the two countries, based on the historical reach of the historiography, as well as the analysis of the writing of the Yugoslav press. Particular attention will be paid to the challenges that the alliances faced during the Third Reich’s penetration into southeast Europe. Although the allies of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and Romania would find themselves on opposite sides in World War II, there was no mutual war between the two countries, which was a consequence of the built relations in the interwar period.
