The study examines how doctors in interwar Czechoslovakia intervened in reproductive issues and related areas of life in an attempt to combat the declining birthrate, a trend that was considered a ...threat to society. Inspired by Foucault’s concept of medicalization and biopower, through the analysis of medical literature and articles from the press in the interwar period, I will demonstrate how Czechoslovak doctors, not only but especially under the influence of eugenics, foregrounded the categories of health and sickness in order to assert definitions of “correct” forms of reproduction while attempting to stigmatize and discourage forms of reproduction that they considered detrimental to the health of society or the nation. The aim of the study is not only to expand the body of knowledge about the activities and attitudes of Czechoslovak doctors in the interwar period but also to call attention to the still current topic of the political background of reproductive policy.
Este artigo analisa as representações do feminino em um conjunto de anúncios veiculados na revista Careta na década de 1920. A revista Careta foi um dos mais importantes veículos de comunicação ...disponíveis ao público de grandes centros urbanos como a cidade do Rio de Janeiro, então capital federal, e circulou de 1908 a 1960. Os anúncios estudados nesse trabalho reúnem um material capaz de refletir certos modelos de enquadramento e representação do feminino naquele período, que destacavam alguns e silenciavam outros tantos modos de existência e tipos de mulher na sociedade urbana brasileira. Enquanto os anúnciosvendiam uma compreensão coletiva de tipos idealizados, havia uma afluência de outras mulheres, com diferentes perfis, desejos, funções, trabalhos e reivindicações, que se amalgamavam naquela sociedade. Eram seletivos e elegiam uma representação dentro do leque de possibilidades experimentadas pelas mulheres em suas relações concretas de vida. Destaca-se o fato de que, nos anúncios, por mais diversos que fossem, os tipos de mulheres escolhidas para serem representadas estavam em congruência com a moda e as novidades da época, exibindo penteados, roupas, maquiagens e acessórios específicos que se revelavam na figura da melindrosa.
Stepovers in strike-slip fault systems play important roles in controlling the propagation of earthquake ruptures, depending partially on the competition between the stepover width and the coseismic ...slip gradient approaching the step. The 1920 Mw 7.9 Haiyuan earthquake is the most recent major earthquake that has occurred along the Haiyuan fault. The earthquake rupture broke through multiple stepovers along the fault and finally ended at the 4 km-wide Jingtai pull-apart basin (releasing stepover) at the western end. To understand the process of this termination of the Haiyuan earthquake rupture, we conducted detailed mapping of the surface rupture geometry, coseismic slip measurement and slip gradient calculation in the vicinity of the endpoint based on the 0.2 m-resolution SfM-derived DEM along the 20 km section east of the Jingtai pull-apart basin. Combining coseismic slip measurements from this study and published slip data from fieldwork in the 1980s, we calculated slip gradients of 84–160 cm/km as the rupture approached the Jingtai releasing stepover. These values are high for the 4 km-wide Jingtai releasing stepover compared to those from a dataset of worldwide historical earthquakes compiled by Elliott et al. (2009). The high values imply that the rupture could have a relatively high likelihood of breaching through the Jingtai releasing stepover. Alternatively, the slip gradient may be overestimated. Detailed mapping and field investigation, however, show that the rupture may extend ~1.86 km farther west of the end location indicated in previous studies. We acquired the new slip gradient with lower value of 50–82 cm/km, which is still considerably high compared to dataset of Elliott et al. (2009). We speculate that the slip gradient could be larger variation along the stepover boundary to stop fault slip in different geologic setting. Another factor control slip termination is related to fault properties. Creep along the southern boundary fault of the Jingtai stepover, a velocity-strengthening region, may also have played a role in stopping the rupture at this location. Our observations further indicate that the increasing LOS velocity of InSAR data within the Jingtai stepover is probably related to fault behavior rather than a nontectonic signal of subsidence.
The study of the emergence of the Hungarian urban hierarchy raises a number of methodological questions concerning the complex settlement structure and the unique urban development of the Carpathian ...Basin. Research on the Hungarian urban hierarchy reveals a strong positive correlation between the position of the cities in the hierarchy and the complexity of their urban functions. The aim of my inquiry is to provide a complex picture of the Hungarian urban hierarchy of the 1930s, or, more precisely, the potential hierarchies. I approach this issue from various perspectives. As there are different definitions of cities in judicial (administrative), statistical, economic, sociological, and geographical contexts, the questions remain open: what do we consider a city, and what makes a settlement a city in the interwar period in Hungary? One of the cornerstones of my research is the issue of the outskirts. In administrative terms, we can speak about a unit, but due to the differing patterns of urban development in Hungary, the relationship between the core territory and its periphery is complex. Since the classic homestead theory has been challenged, hierarchical investigations have had to address the problems involved in dividing the data between urban cores and urban peripheries. Hierarchic rankings based on the incorporation of outskirts are quite different from rankings which omit the latter zones, which tend to be dominated by scattered farms not linked functionally to the urban core. The differences also show strong regional patterns. This study, based on statistical data, tries to highlight these differences in the urban hierarchy using this new approach. This way, it becomes possible to put the study of the Hungarian urban hierarchy in the interwar period on a new methodological footing which differs in several significant ways from the foundations of earlier research on the subject in Hungary.
In this essay, I look for answers to the following three questions: to what extent did the borders of Hungary after the 1920 Treaty of Trianon overlap with borders of structural development in 1910 ...and in 1930; what does the term “development” mean when we are talking about the Carpathian Basin; and how did geographical differences in standards of living change in the territories under discussion over the course of these two decades. To some extent, the new political borders which were drawn in 1920 in the Carpathian Basin overlapped with the borders which reflected the different levels and patterns of development in the region. This is a consideration which has been given little attention in the secondary literature in Hungary. The developmental structure of the Carpathian Basin in 1910 can be mapped using the GISta Hungarorum Database. One discerns in this structure a major line of development. Within this line, one finds an area in which the level of development was higher than average and, in some places, considerably higher than average. Another distinctive feature of this area was that is had several centers, and this fact was of particular importance from the perspective of the Treaty of Trianon and its alleged consequences. In recent years, groundbreaking research on economic history has persuasively shown that Hungary managed to recover economically relatively quickly after 1920. Numerous factors played a role in this recovery. One of the more decisive, I argue in this study, was the geographical developmental structure of Trianon Hungary, which had several centers. Although the territory of Trianon Hungary was considerably more developed than other areas of the Carpathian Basin, it is quite clear that the economic fault lines which existed after Trianon had in fact existed before Trianon too, and the internal peripheral areas had already formed (and remained essentially unchanged throughout the interwar period). Thus, the Treaty of Trianon did not play any role in the emergence of formation of these areas. The treaty may well have had grave consequences for the country and region, but the developmental geographical structure of Hungary in the interwar period, which ultimately exerted a shaping influence on development in Hungary for the rest of the twentieth century, was not a result of Trianon.
This essay discusses the historiography and some aspects of memory politics (Erinnerungskultur) concerning the outbreak of World War II. In the European Union and the United States the dominant ...interpretation of history is that the outbreak of World War II was the consequence of the Soviet-German Treaty of Non-Aggression (Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact) concluded on 23 August 1939, by the leading circles of the two ‘totalitarian dictatorships’. Today in Eastern Europe some politicians and historians go even further and transfer major responsibility for the outbreak of the war to Stalin. The most important historiographical trend, however, also focuses on the antecedents of the Soviet-German Treaty of Non-Aggression. The followers of this approach simultaneously stress the responsibility of the other great powers whose leaders concluded a treaty with Hitler in September 1938 (the Munich Pact, which was the consequence of the policy of appeasement) and also leaders of certain small states, who made separate ‘deals’ and agreements with Hitler. For example, even prior to the outbreak of the war, the Polish establishment perceived the Soviet Union and not Germany as Poland’s major enemy. Unfortunately, there are always historians, who cannot resist the pressure of power elites, who – with ever increasing apparatuses and capital – appropriate and falsify history for the sake of (geo)political interests. The author of this article argues that the Soviet-German Treaty of Non-Aggression was signed by the Soviet Union as it did not want to bear alone all the burdens of a war with Nazi Germany.
The essay seeks to broaden existing perspectives on the ideology of Neo-Catholic reform during the last years of the 1930s in Hungary. Following a decade marked by conservative consolidation, Hungary ...after the Great Depression experienced a shift towards various New Right positions, that became dominant in the establishment. Neo-Catholics gained considerable influence after the successive failures of Gyula Gömbös’ quasi-fascist reform plans and the subsequent Darányi government. The group of experts and activists around influential scholar turned propaganda chief Béla Kovrig presented in turn a program that sought to integrate corporatist, Neo-Catholic social thought and the autocratic trends observable in the decade – to which Hungary was no exception. The essay examines two attempts engineered by Kovrig – the integration of existing labour organizations and constitutional reform in the spirit of corporatism – in an effort to find the place of this ideological stream. Using previously unreferenced archival material, the essay contributes to the discourse by mapping transnational connections that shaped the ideas of Neo-Catholic reform in Hungary. The image that emerges is a complex one: it is clear that autocratic corporatists states left their mark as general ideals to be approximated, while at the level of specific policies, the totalitarian states – Italy and Germany – influenced practical thinking more, despite a refusal to accept a totalitarian turn in Hungarian politics.
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