Breaking Point Tsika, Noah; Schwartz Greene, Rebecca
2023
eBook
This book informs the public for the first time about the impact of American psychiatry on soldiers during World War II.
Breaking Point is the first in-depth history of American psychiatry in World ...War II. Drawn from unpublished primary documents, oral histories, and the author’s personal interviews and correspondence over years with key psychiatric and military policymakers, it begins with Franklin Roosevelt’s endorsement of a universal Selective Service psychiatric examination followed by Army and Navy pre- and post-induction examinations. Ultimately, 2.5 million men and women were rejected or discharged from military service on neuropsychiatric grounds. Never before or since has the United States engaged in such a program.
In designing Selective Service Medical Circular No. 1, psychiatrist Harry Stack Sullivan assumed psychiatrists could predict who might break down or falter in military service or even in civilian life thereafter. While many American and European psychiatrists questioned this belief, and huge numbers of American psychiatric casualties soon raised questions about screening’s validity, psychiatric and military leaders persisted in 1942 and 1943 in endorsing ever tougher screening and little else. Soon, families complained of fathers and teens being drafted instead of being identified as psychiatric 4Fs, and Blacks and Native Americans, among others, complained of bias. A frustrated General George S. Patton famously slapped two “malingering” neuropsychiatric patients in Sicily (a sentiment shared by Marshall and Eisenhower, though they favored a tamer style). Yet psychiatric rejections, evacuations, and discharges mounted.
While psychiatrist Roy Grinker and a few others treated soldiers close to the front in Tunisia in early 1943, this was the exception. But as demand for manpower soared and psychiatrists finally went to the field and saw that combat itself, not “predisposition,” precipitated breakdown, leading military psychiatrists switched their emphasis from screening to prevention and treatment. But this switch was too little too late and slowed by a year-long series of Inspector General investigations even while numbers of psychiatric casualties soared.
Ironically, despite and even partly because of psychiatrists’ wartime performance, plus the emotional toll of war, postwar America soon witnessed a dramatic growth in numbers, popularity, and influence of the profession, culminating in the National Mental Health Act (1946). But veterans with “PTSD,” not recognized until 1980, were largely neglected.
Escaping Europe BLUM, MATTHIAS; REI, CLAUDIA
European review of economic history,
02/2018, Letnik:
22, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The large-scale persecution of European Jews during the Second World War generated massive refugee movements. We study the last wave of Holocaust refugees with a newly compiled dataset of mostly ...Jewish passengers from several European countries traveling from Lisbon to New York between 1940 and 1942. We find that both refugee and nonrefugee passengers were positively selected, but nonrefugees were even more so, suggesting it was predominantly the European elite who escaped the Holocaust during this period. In spite of the unique circumstances of this historical setting, this episode of migration displays well-known selection features: both refugees and nonrefugees are positively selected, and earlier passengers are more positively selected than later passengers, and economic barriers to migration apply.
Holocaust Perpetrators of the German Police Battalions is the first comprehensive English-language study of the structures and actions of German Police battalions in Poland and Ukraine between 1940 ...and 1942. Using these case studies, Ian Rich draws attention to the actions and motivations of individual lower-ranking policemen who participated in the mass murder of Jews during the Holocaust. He illuminates their pivotal roles as organizers, educators and role models, and the ways they were able to influence their subordinates to carry out these atrocities. This book transcends anonymous group portraits and provides a micro-historical portrait of individual killers that offers broader insights into the overall actions of the SS and police under Heinrich Himmler. Rich’s comprehensive analysis of SS and police personnel records and post-war trial investigations reveals the method by which police battalions were transformed into instruments of mass murder in the occupied east during the Second World War. This book is essential to all students and scholars of Holocaust studies, Jewish studies and the Second World War.
In 1942, the dictatorial regime of occupied France held a show trial that didn't work. In a society from which democratic checks and balances had been eliminated, under a regime that made its own ...laws to try its opponents, the government's signature legal initiative – a court packed with sympathetic magistrates and soldiers whose investigation of the defunct republic's leaders was supposed to demonstrate the superiority of the new regime – somehow not only failed to result in a conviction, but, in spite of the fact that only government-selected journalists were allowed to attend, turned into a podium for the regime's most bitter opponents. The public relations disaster was so great that the government was ultimately forced to cancel the trial. This catastrophic would-be show trial was not forced upon the regime by Germans unfamiliar with the state of domestic opinion; rather, it was a home-grown initiative whose results disgusted not only the French, but also the occupiers. This book offers a new explanation for the failure of the Riom Trial: that it was the result of ideas about the law that were deeply imbedded in the culture of the regime's supporters. They genuinely believed that their opponents had been playing politics with the nation's interests, whereas their own concerns were apolitical. The ultimate lesson of the Riom Trial is that the abnegation of politics can produce results almost as bad as a deliberate commitment to stamping out the beliefs of others. Today, politicians on both sides of the political spectrum denounce excessive polarization as the cause of political gridlock; but this may simply be what real democracy looks like when it seeks to express the wishes of a divided people.
Rubrica:
Pe adresa redacției revistei „Cetatea Moldovei” este primită o înștiințare de plată a unei sume minore restante, percepută pentru transportul unui colet, înștiințare făcută publică în acest ...articol.
Variante(s) de titre : La Bibliothèque nationale en...
Variante(s) de titre : Rapport sur l'état de la Bibliothèque nationale au...
Variante(s) de titre : Journal officiel de la République française. ...Rapport annuel sur l'administration de la Bibliothèque nationale...
Variante(s) de titre : Journal officiel de la République française. Rapport sur les services de la Bibliothèque nationale pendant l'année...
Variante(s) de titre : Journal officiel de la République française. Rapport au Ministre de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts sur l'activité de la Bibliothèque nationale pendant les années...
Variante(s) de titre : Journal officiel de la République française. Rapport sur les services de la Bibliothèque nationale en...
Variante(s) de titre : Journal officiel de la République française. Rapport de l'administrateur général de la Bibliothèque nationale au Ministre de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts
Variante(s) de titre : Journal officiel de la République française. Rapport sur le fonctionnement des divers services de la Bibliothèque nationale pendant l'année...
Variante(s) de titre : Rapport sur le fonctionnement des divers services de la Bibliothèque nationale pendant l'année...
Variante(s) de titre : Rapport sur le fonctionnement des divers services de la Bibliothèque nationale pendant les années...
Variante(s) de titre : La Bibliothèque nationale pendant les années...
Variante(s) de titre : Le Fonctionnement et la réorganisation de la Réunion des bibliothèques nationales de Paris
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Variante(s) de titre : Rapport sur la Réunion des bibliothèques nationales de Paris pendant les années...
Variante(s) de titre : La Réunion des bibliothèques nationales pendant les années...
Variante(s) de titre : La Bibliothèque nationale pendant les années...
Périodicité : Annuel jusqu'en 1929
Etat de collection : 1875-1955 <inc.>
Title variant (s): The National Library during the years...
Title variant (s): The Operation and reorganization of the Paris National Libraries Meeting
Title variant (s): Report on the Paris National Libraries Meeting during the years...
Title variant (s): The National Libraries' Meeting during the years...
Title variant (s): The National Library during the years...
Periodicity: Annual until 1929
Variante(s) de titre : La Bibliothèque nationale en...
Variante(s) de titre : Rapport sur l'état de la Bibliothèque nationale au...
Variante(s) de titre : Journal officiel de la République française. Rapport annuel sur l'administration de la Bibliothèque nationale...
Variante(s) de titre : Journal officiel de la République française. Rapport sur les services de la Bibliothèque nationale pendant l'année...
Variante(s) de titre : Journal officiel de la République française. Rapport au Ministre de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts sur l'activité de la Bibliothèque nationale pendant les années...
Variante(s) de titre : Journal officiel de la République française. Rapport sur les services de la Bibliothèque nationale en...
Variante(s) de titre : Journal officiel de la République française. Rapport de l'administrateur général de la Bibliothèque nationale au Ministre de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts
Variante(s) de titre : Journal officiel de la République française. Rapport sur le fonctionnement des divers services de la Bibliothèque nationale pendant l'année...
Variante(s) de titre : Rapport sur le fonctionnement des divers services de la Bibliothèque nationale pendant l'année...
Variante(s) de titre : Rapport sur le fonctionnement des divers services de la Bibliothèque nationale pendant les années...
Variante(s) de titre : La Bibliothèque nationale pendant les années...
Variante(s) de titre : Le Fonctionnement et la réorganisation de la Réunion des bibliothèques nationales de Paris
Variante(s) de titre : Rapport présenté au Maréchal de France, chef de l'État, sur la réorganisation et le fonctionnement de la Réunion des bibliothèques nationales de Paris de ... à...
Variante(s) de titre : Rapport sur la Réunion des bibliothèques nationales de Paris pendant les années...
Variante(s) de titre : La Réunion des bibliothèques nationales pendant les années...
Variante(s) de titre : La Bibliothèque nationale pendant les années...
Périodicité : Annuel jusqu'en 1929
