To walk with the devil Kranjc, Gregor J
To walk with the devil,
2013, 20130311, 2013-02-22, 2013-03-11, 20130101
eBook
Examining archival material and post-war scholarly and popular literature, Kranjc describes the often sharp divide between Communist-era interpretations of collaboration and those of their emigre ...anti-Communist opponents.
This article presents the results of historical and medical study reflecting the state of child health care system in Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the Great Patriotic War of ...1941–1945. The aim of the study is to analyze the situation regarding children’s health care during the most crucial period for our country. We have studied published and unpublished documents from the State Archive of Russian Federation, archives of Chuvash Republic, newspapers, journals, collections of scientific articles, and monographs to cover this issue. Local health authorities have significantly reorganized their work during the war years and set new tasks for protection of local and evacuated children’s health and lives. People’s Commissariat of Public Health of Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic has managed to prevent the reduction in the number of pediatric medical and preventive institutions, implemented their adequate staffing level, increase the efficacy of therapeutic and preventive measures, and resist infectious diseases outbreaks even under the evacuation measures, insufficient funding, and lack of qualified specialists. The child health care system created before the war in the whole USSR (Chuvashia included) and the medical and preventive work that was carried out during the war gave positive results. Child mortality decreased by 1.7 times compared to the pre-war 1940. Thus, children’s health care in Chuvashia withstood this difficult test and proved its efficacy during the Great Patriotic War.
В статье раскрываются сходства и различия в изобразительных средствах выражения патриотических идей в публицистике А. Толстого и М. Шолохова 1941–1945 гг. В военной публицистике А. Толстого и М. ...Шолохова раскрывается суть патриотизма – сильные переживания за судьбы Родины и всего человечества и яркое чувство национального достоинства, представляющее собой национальное самосознание и беззаветную самоотверженность. Однако у А. Толстого переживания за судьбы страны и мира идут от человеческой сущности русского человека, а в публицистике М. Шолохова переживания определяются трагедией войны, человеческих отношений и бытия, что подчеркивается подробным описанием фронтовых будней, окружающей среды, пейзажа.
Introduction. The article publishes a report delivered at the Thirteenth Congress of Orientalists and deals with problems of searching materials on repressed Kalmyks and their 1944–1957 life in ...Siberia with special emphasis be laid on their preservation and duplication for specialists in Kalmyk studies. Materials and methods. The study employs a wide range of research methods, both common scientific (analysis, synthesis, etc.) and special historical ones (historical genetics, historical systemic methods, etc.). The comparative historical methods proves instrumental in identifying actual storage and access conditions at archives across dif-ferent regions, agencies, and authorities. Results. The paper covers the Siberian period of the repressed Kalmyk people’s life between 28 December 1943 and 9 January 1957. The ‘thirteen years and thirteen days’ — to have become a somewhat fixed folklore formula — witnessed tremendous hardships and miseries experienced and survived by two thirds of the population only. Part 1 of the article reviews the deportation proper (Operation Ulusy and other similar forced relocations). Special attention is paid to that the causes proclaimed in the official decree by the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council were completely groundless and had noth-ing to do with reality. The geography of Kalmyk Deportation, living conditions, and typical problems faced by repressed Kalmyks are also outlined. The work emphasizes demographic losses of the ethnos. Part 2 shall examine the problems of searching and preserving related archival materials on Siberian life of the Kalmyks in 1944–1957.
Introduction. The article publishes a report delivered at the Thirteenth Congress of Orientalists and deals with problems of searching materials on repressed Kalmyks and their 1944–1957 life in ...Siberia with additional emphasis be laid on their preservation and duplication for specialists in Kalmyk studies. Materials and methods. The study employs a wide range of research methods, both common scientific (analysis, synthesis, etc.) and special historical ones (historical genetics, historical systemic methods, etc.). The comparative historical methods proves instrumental in identifying actual storage and access conditions at archives across different regions, agencies, and authorities. Results. The paper covers the Siberian period of the repressed Kalmyk people’s life between 28 December 1943 and 9 January 1957. The ‘thirteen years and thirteen days’ witnessed tremendous hardships and miseries experienced and survived by two thirds of the population only. Part 1 of the article has reviewed Kalmyk Deportation proper, its geography, living conditions, and demographic losses among exiled settlers. Part 2 evaluates federal and regional Siberian archives as sources on the history of Kalmyk Deportation. The initial analysis shows those contain vastest materials relating to the issue under consideration. However, since Kalmyk exiled settlers were scattered across several regions quite a share of archival documents are essentially sketchy, difficult or even impossible to access. Specialists have explored materials housed by federal depositories but the regional and municipal ones — as well as key archives of Siberia — still remain a terra incognita, especially those of particular agencies and institutions. Meanwhile, the situation tends to get aggravated for some categories of archival files to have reached the retention period of 75 years may be considered valueless and disposed of, i.e. lost to any further research. The paper concludes it is urgent to mobilize quite a number of research associates to search for materials dealing with the topic in archival depositories nationwide, primarily regional ones.
Exploiting Ukrainian agriculture was crucial for the German geostrategic and military plans and it was pursued on a large scale, from confiscating raw materials to enhancing the scientific support of ...the industry. On the threshold of the Second World War, 137 Ukrainian research institutions carried out agricultural research funded with 17 million rubles per year. The lack of elaborate evacuation plans and the rapid advance of the Wehrmacht led to the failure of the Soviet evacuation campaign in 1941. The full fledged evacuation was also impossible for objective reasons: for agrarian scientists, both the object and the result of their research hardly exist but on the land. Agricultural scientists who found themselves under the occupation of the German authorities tried to save from plunder and destruction the technical apparatus, the scientific documentation, and the breeding materials. Given the importance of agricultural research facilities for German food security, Ukrainian agricultural research institutions came under the jurisdiction of the German administrative structures (the Reichsministerium for the Occupied Eastern Territories). Ukrainian agricultural scientists remained in the occupied territories, where the occupants enforced compulsory military service. Thus, they were forced to work for the “new masters”, participate in the export of the intellectual product to Germany, and provide assistance in scientific projects of the German military. The less appalling scenario for those scientists implied the continuity of the research pursued before the war, combined with the attempt to preserve the scientific results, and avoid starvation or deportation to Germany.
Анализируются письменные обращения жителей блокадного Ленинграда к руководителям города. Источниковую базу статьи составили около 400 писем блокадников, сохранившиеся в архивном фонде ...Продовольственной комиссии Военного совета Ленинградского фронта, а также свидетельства об апелляциях горожан к руководителям Ленинграда из официальных документов, дневников, писем периода блокады, воспоминаний и интервью более позднего времени. Исследование позволяет выявить нужды, интересы, стремления, недовольство, надежды многих ленинградцев, судить о причинах, поводах и целях написания обращений, их структуре, содержании и представлениях апеллянтов о себе, ситуации в городе, власти в условиях вражеской осады. Рассматриваются форма, язык, стиль писем во власть, виды бумаги, на которой писали ленинградцы. Апелляции к руководителям города не были распространенной практикой. Однако само их появление и содержание выступают важным свидетельством положения в Ленинграде, морально-психологического состояния и стратегий выживания блокадников. Понимая прагматичное отношение власти к населению города, многие авторы писем сообщали о своих заслугах, стремились убедить адресата в своей нужности. Нередко обращение представляло собой вопль о помощи человека, находившегося в отчаянном положении. Особенно безотрадными были письма блокадников-одиночек, получавших иждивенческие карточки. Отчетливо обнажившееся в условиях блокады неравенство, разница в нормах питания вызывали недовольство. Анализируются особенно критичные по отношению к работникам снабжения и торговли письма, которые отражали распространенные в осажденном городе настроения. Изучены обращения, содержащие предложения, критику и обвинения в адрес власть имущих. В статье приводятся сведения о результатах рассмотрения письменных обращений блокадников, анализируются превалирование и причины властных отказов в помощи. В соответствии с властными установками обычные блокадники должны были быть героями-победителями, но никак не жалкими, слабыми «моральными дистрофиками» и жертвами. Делается заключение, что письма к властям парадоксальным образом сочетали в себе приверженность патернализму, стремление воспользоваться возможностями государственной системы распределения, ее привилегиями, льготами, с одной стороны, и инициативу, упование на собственные силы – с другой.
Otrā pasaules kara laikā, kad Latvijas teritoriju pārvaldīja viena okupācijas vara – nacionālsociālistiskās Vācijas –, bet draudēja otras – PSRS – atgriešanās, Latvijas tautas pašnoteikšanās ...centienus un vēlmi atgūt valstisko neatkarību pauda nacionālā pretošanās kustība, kam piemita dažādas organizētas un individuālas izpausmes. Rakstā kritiski izvērtēti līdzšinējie pētījumi, dokumentu publikācijas un atmiņas par pretošanās kustības aktivitātēm un sniegts vispārīgs pārskats par pretošanās kustību Latvijā nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas laikā, īpašu uzmanību pievēršot pretošanās kustības būtības izpratnei un aktuāliem pētniecības jautājumiem.
PDF
