The Ministry of Treasure was created with the legislation on creating Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland from December 21st, 1944. Competencies of the Ministry encompasses all affairs ...of the state treasure and financial politics, taxes, customs, budget, as well as credits, monetary issues, flotation issues, control over banks, insurance and assurance companies. As a result of law from March 7th, 1950 the office was transformed into the Ministry of Finance. Activity of the classified records office between 1945 and 1950 was regulated by four succeeding instructions, but they all were based on one system of managing records. The primary office register was a journal of classified cases – a typical office register, where all classified documents getting into or out of the office, were registered with subsequent Arabic numbers, starting with 1 for each year. Between 1945 and 1950 records of classified cases were stored according to their number in the journal of classified cases. From the point of view of history of records and bureaucracy, this system can be called an office system based on journal registers. This kind of processing classified records was, in that time, generally applicable for all state administration. This system was grounded in the mid-war period classified records offices and it is still used in this day.
The article presents the determinants of the development of cycling in the areas incorporated by Poland in the first years after the Second World War. The biggest contribution into this process was ...made by people from large cities, pre-war enthusiasts and athletes who undertook the hardships of social activity and the engagement of local youth. Sports organizations were controlled, but also supported, by state authorities that used mass events in the propaganda policy and actions aimed at integrating the Northern and Western Lands with the rest of the country. This was an important task due to the difficult living conditions and marauding groups of criminals for whom Pomorze Zachodnie constituted an area of criminal activity, mainly plundering former German property, as well as attacking. Polish settlers. The development of cycling in Szczecin was favored by the German infrastructure, including a concrete track often used in national championships. At the end of 1949, sport in Poland was reorganized and centralized, making it similar to the Soviet model, where there was no room for social measures. The bourgeoisie clubs had to cease their activities, while the circles and clubs were created at workplaces and trade unions. Sports federations were liquidated and their place was occupied by sports clubs located within the structures of the state administration. The organizational changes were accompanied by the mass popularization of sport and increased financing for competitive sport from the state budget. The goal of such activities was to reach a wide group of young people for the needs of indoctrination, as well as to raise the level of sport to achieve more effective competition with Western countries.
In the immediate aftermath of World War II, more than a quarter million Jewish survivors of the Holocaust lived among their defeated persecutors in the chaotic society of Allied-occupied ...Germany.Jews, Germans, and Alliesdraws upon the wealth of diary and memoir literature by the people who lived through postwar reconstruction to trace the conflicting ways Jews and Germans defined their own victimization and survival, comprehended the trauma of war and genocide, and struggled to rebuild their lives.
In gripping and unforgettable detail, Atina Grossmann describes Berlin in the days following Germany's surrender--the mass rape of German women by the Red Army, the liberated slave laborers and homecoming soldiers, returning political exiles, Jews emerging from hiding, and ethnic German refugees fleeing the East. She chronicles the hunger, disease, and homelessness, the fraternization with Allied occupiers, and the complexities of navigating a world where the commonplace mingled with the horrific. Grossmann untangles the stories of Jewish survivors inside and outside the displaced-persons camps of the American zone as they built families and reconstructed identities while awaiting emigration to Palestine or the United States. She examines how Germans and Jews interacted and competed for Allied favor, benefits, and victim status, and how they sought to restore normality--in work, in their relationships, and in their everyday encounters.
Jews, Germans, and Alliesshows how Jews were integral participants in postwar Germany and bridges the divide that still exists today between German history and Jewish studies.
Einblicke in die Anfänge eines Unrechtsstaates Der Tübinger Historiker Gerhard Schulz, der zur Gründergeneration der Zeitgeschichtsforschung in der Bundesrepublik gehört, hat Zeit seines Lebens ...Tagebuch geführt. Besonders dicht ist die Beschreibung über die Jahre von 1945 bis 1950, die er in der SBZ/DDR verbrachte. Als „Neulehrer“ und Student wurde er mit dem Bolschewisierungsprozess durch die SED konfrontiert. Er entfernte sich zunehmend von dem System, bis er 1950 nach West-Berlin überwechselte. Das „Mitteldeutsche Tagebuch“ dokumentiert nicht nur die SED-Diktatur in ihrer Entstehungsphase an einem Einzelschicksal, es ist ebenso ein Beitrag zur Ausprägung des Weltbildes des jungen Gerhard Schulz.
I began this study as the United States was extricating itself from its longest and most unsuccessful war, and I am ending it as Americans are recovering from the deepest recession of the post-World ...War II era. The Vietnam War stimulated widespread public interest in the origins of the Cold War while our recent difficulties have caused many Americans to ask how we ever became so vulnerable to external economic developments. During the late sixties and early seventies, historians associated with the "revisionist" school raised the level of the national debate by reemphasizing the importance of economic factors in American foreign policy. Among other things, these scholars demonstrated that the United States assumed world-wide commitments after 1945 out just to stop Communist expansion, but to defend certain economic interests, both material and ideological, as well.
Diese Edition dokumentiert zwei deutsche Schicksale in Polen, die unmittelbar mit dem Zusammenbruch der deutschen Herrschaft im Osten verbunden waren. Manfred Gebhardts Aufzeichnungen reflektieren ...Romantizismus, Naivität, vor allem aber Sensibilität eines jungen deutschen Soldaten, der in der Kriegsgefangenschaft erstmals direkt dem Land Polen und polnischen Menschen begegnet. Sie schildern die bisher wenig bekannte und dokumentierte Gefangenschaft deutscher Soldaten in Polen und die "Antifa"-Umerziehung, die eine erste "sozialistische Klassensolidarität" deutscher und polnischer Kommunisten begründen sollte. Die Aufzeichnungen dokumentieren ebenso ein Stück DDR-Gründungsgeschichte und sie sind zugleich be-eindruckendes Zeugnis der Suche nach Subjektivität und Objektivität eines Zeitzeugen, der später in der DDR eine nicht unwichtige Rolle im Pressewesen einnahm. Wie anders liest sich die Lebensgeschichte Joachim Küttners, der bis zu seiner abenteuerlichen Flucht in die Bundesrepublik 1958 immer mit Polen zusammengelebt hatte. Als deutscher Rittergutserbe wurde er im südlichen Teil des Posener Landes geboren, nahe der Grenze an der Prosna zum russischen Teilungsgebiet. Zwischenzeitlich wurde er polnischer Staatsbürger, seit 1939 im neu errichteten Reichsgau Wartheland aber wieder privilegiert und wie Millionen seiner Volksgenossen dazu ausersehen, zur "völkischen Neuordnung" in diesem Teil Polens beizutragen. Nach dem Zusammenbruch der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft sollte sich das Bild auf dramatische Weise wenden. Mit dem Augenblick dieser Wende beginnt Küttners Bericht. Die Gefangennahme Manfred Gebhardts in Böhmen mündet in eine vierjährige Lagerhaft, die Flucht Joachim Küttners vor der herannahenden Front in ein dreizehn Jahre währendes pseudonymes Leben. Gebhardt und Küttner lebten in Polen als "Gefangene und Fremde". Ihre Erfahrungen sind beispielhaft für die durch die jüngste Vergangenheit schwer belastete Begegnung von Deutschen und Polen nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges.
This international history of the origins and nature of 'cold war' offers the first systematic examination of the complex relationship between the United States and Italy, and of American debates ...about warfare in the years between World War II and the Korean War. Kaeten Mistry reveals how the defeat of the Marxist left in the 1948 Italian election was perceived as a victory for the United States amidst a 'war short of war', as defined by influential planner George Kennan, becoming an allegory for cold war in American minds. The book analyses how political warfare sought to employ covert operations, overt tactics and propaganda in a co-ordinated offensive against international communism. Charting the critical contribution of a broad network of local, religious, civic, labour, and business groups, Mistry reveals how the notion of a specific American success paved the way for a problematic future for US-Italian relations and American political warfare.
PDF
