International organizations, policy experts, and nongovernmental organizations promote greater governmental transparency as a crucial reform to enhance accountability and curb corruption. ...Transparency is predicted to deter corruption in part by expanding the possibilities for public or societal accountability, that is, for citizens and citizens associations to monitor, scrutinize, and act to hold public office holders to account. Although the societal accountability mechanism linking transparency and good government is often implied, it builds on a number of assumptions seldom examined empirically. This article unpacks the assumptions of principal‐agent theories of accountability and suggests that the logic of collective action can be used to understand why exposure of egregious and endemic corruption may instead demobilize the demos (i.e., resignation) rather than enhance accountability (i.e., indignation). We explore these theoretical contentions and examine how transparency affects three indicators of indignations versus resignation—institutional trust, political involvement, and political interest—given different levels of corruption. The empirical analyses confirm that an increase in transparency in highly corrupt countries tends to breed resignation rather than indignation.
Ion chemistry in space Larsson, M; Geppert, W D; Nyman, G
Reports on progress in physics,
06/2012, Letnik:
75, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
We review the gas-phase chemistry in extraterrestrial space that is driven by reactions with atomic and molecular ions. Ions are ubiquitous in space and are potentially responsible for the formation ...of increasingly complex interstellar molecules. Until recently, positively charged atoms and molecules were the only ions known in space; however, this situation has changed with the discovery of various molecular anions. This review covers not only the observation, distribution and reactions of ions in space, but also laboratory-based experimental and theoretical methods for studying these ions. Recent results from space-based instruments, such as those on the Cassini-Huygens space mission and the Herschel Space Observatory, are highlighted.
Post-independent India has witnessed several horrific incidents of communal violence. The largest communal riot happened in the year 1984, in the capital city of New Delhi. But after the occurrence ...of the Anti-Sikh Riots of 1984, there was silence surrounding the incident. The silence was primarily caused by the trauma inflicted from the incident. There are reasons to believe that the silence was politically motivated too. However, the role fictional writings have played in communicating the traumatic memory of the incident was significant. This paper studies the novel Amu written by Shonali Bose to understand the representation of traumatic memory of the community. The paper attempts to problematize the decades-long silence surrounding the incident and the novel's role along with other similar fictional accounts in unravelling the truth of the incident.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Though 1984 is often praised for its prescience, critics in Orwell’s time and ours have also condemned its pessimism. Orwell’s despair, the argument goes, undermines the power of his warning, ...representing a retreat from politics, a betrayal of socialism, and a repudiation of utopianism. This article draws on the text of 1984 and Orwell’s contemporaneous writings to reassess his thinking on power, socialism, and utopia and to reconsider 1984’s appeal to the political imagination. Characterizing Orwell’s late political sensibility as one of desperate radicalism, the article demonstrates that Orwell remained both a socialist and a steward of the utopian imagination and that he feared totalitarianism because it threatened to expunge utopian ideals from historical consciousness. 1984 depicts a world in which this effort has nearly succeeded, rendering Orwell’s present as a moment of choice between an egalitarian future and a future of permanent hierarchy.
Com o objetivo de verificar a pertinência do chamado Processo de Cartagena de 1984 aos fluxos migratórios advindos da Venezuela e de identificar as diretrizes da proteção internacional dos refugiados ...no referido país, foi realizado uma investigação a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e análise documental. Considerando que a Declaração de Cartagena de 1984 traz o significado mais abrangente para a definição de refugiado, faz-se de extrema relevância analisar a incidência de sua aplicação no caso venezuelano. Neste trabalho, buscou-se perquirir a aplicação da Declaração de Cartagena à situação da Venezuela, analisando a sua política migratória e a incidência normativa deste processo. Concluiu-se que a crise humanitária venezuelana gera um deslocamento internacional misto, a qual, uma vez identificada pelos países de acolhida, deve ensejar uma imediata e ampla proteção para além das soluções individuais, baseadas em soluções duradouras previstas desde o Plano de Ação do México de 2004.
This article analyzes the origin, evolution, and consequences of the 1984 uprising in the case of Nador province, in the Rif region of Northern Morocco. By focusing on the structural causes that ...affected this mobilization at the local level, the sectors of the population that participated in it, and the framework of the demands expressed during the protest cycle, this study finds that not only the economic constraints, but also the peripheral situation of the region and its weak integration into the structure of the state constitute explicative factors of the outbreak of this revolt in the Rif.
A geodetic transformation is a mathematical operation that takes a point's coordinates in one coordinate system and returns the same coordinates in another coordinate system. This study aims to show ...the compatibility between global positioning system coordinates and the local maps in Iraq; this compatibility will be made for locations in Babil province. In the study area, fifteen control points have been chosen. GPS measures geographic and projected coordinates depending on the Universal Transverse Mercator projection and the World Geodetic System 1984 datum. In Iraq, the measured geographic coordinates are converted to projected coordinates using a geographic information system based on Clarke 1880 ellipsoid. To facilitate the conversion of the coordinates, both formulas and parameters are provided for any point in the study area between the two systems using a GPS receiver and ArcGIS software. The present study shows that the differences in easting coordinates are about -287.630 m, while the differences in northing coordinates reach 278.525 m. It is concluded that the various datums might play a significant role in producing maps and updating those maps for engineering works.
Miguel Hesayne se desempeñó como obispo de la Diócesis de Viedma entre los años 1975 y 1995. Durante ese periodo, Hesayne desarrolló un proyecto pastoral pensado desde la construcción de una nueva ...Iglesia que se diseñó desde el Sínodo diocesano convocado en los albores de la democracia (1983-1984). En el presente artículo nos proponemos recorrer los comienzos de esa Iglesia postsinodal a través del análisis de la campaña una oveja para mi hermano , de la revista De Pie y del proyecto de Promotores Sociales, iniciativas que fueron desplegándose en el contexto de la nevada de 1984 y que visibilizan la concepción de Hesayne en torno al rol que debería asumir la nueva Iglesia rionegrina frente a las cuestiones sociales. Para dicha investigación hemos relevado documentos, cartas y publicaciones periódicas del archivo de la diócesis de Viedma y del archivo personal de un sacerdote cercano a Hesayne. También realizamos entrevistas en profundidad a referentes de comunidades indígenas; sacerdotes que acompañaron el proyecto del obispado en sus inicios; y a históricos funcionarios del INTA.
Different times, different fears. While writing 1984, Georges Orwell saw the ghosts of totalitarism arise in the wake of WWII. A dark future for a nightmarish world, in which the individual is ...dissolved in the community, love is absent, obedience is a duty and surveillance is total. If the dystopias following Orwell were each interested in a particular aspect of social ideals (happiness, family, for example), 2084 is certainly 1984’s clearest heir. However, the world described by Boualem Sansal is in appearance very different in its theocracy and its lack of technology. Nevertheless, my purpose will be to show that the dystopian novel by Boualem Sansal is a direct sequel of 1984 and that this mutation of Orwell’s dystopian universe is an alarm signal to a declining Europe.
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