"I have been able to follow a Bosnian community over a period of six years, during which it has undergone dramatic changes. In the late 1980s people were working hard against economic crisis. In 1990 ...they were full of optimism for the future. In January 1993 the village was in fear, surrounded by war on all sides. In April 1993 it was attacked by Croat forces. In October 1993 none of the Muslims in the village remained. They had either fled, been placed in detention camps, or been killed."Thus begins Tone Bringa's moving ethnographic account of Bosnian Muslims' lives in a rural village located near Sarajevo. Although they represent a majority of the population in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnian Muslims are still members of a minority culture in the region that was once Yugoslavia. The question of ethno- national identity has become paramount in this society, and the author focuses on religion as the defining characteristic of identity. Bringa pays particular attention to the roles that women play in defining Muslim identities, and she examines the importance of the household as a Muslim identity sphere. In so doing, she illuminates larger issues of what constitutes "nationality."This is a gripping and heartfelt account of a community that has been torn apart by ethno- political conflict. It will attract readers of all backgrounds who want to learn more about one of the most intractable wars of the late twentieth century and the people who have been so tragically affected.
The nature and concentration of cationic species in the electrolyte exert a profound influence on the efficiency of nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A series of DSSCs based on gel ...electrolytes containing five alkali iodide salts (LiI, NaI, KI, RbI and CsI) and polyacrylonitrile with plasticizers were fabricated and studied, in order to investigate the dependence of solar cell performance on the cation size. The ionic conductivity of electrolytes with relatively large cations, K
+
, Rb
+
and Cs
+
, was higher and essentially constant, while for the electrolytes containing the two smaller cations, Na
+
and Li
+
, the conductivity values were lower. The temperature dependence of conductivity in this series appears to follow the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher equation. The sample containing the smallest cation shows the lowest conductivity and the highest activation energy of ∼36.5 meV, while K
+
, Rb
+
and Cs
+
containing samples show an activation energy of ∼30.5 meV. DSSCs based on the gel electrolyte and a TiO
2
double layer with the N719 dye exhibited an enhancement in the open circuit voltage with increasing cation size. This can be attributed to the decrease in the recombination rate of electrons and to the conduction band shift resulting from cation adsorption by TiO
2
. The maximum efficiency value, 3.48%, was obtained for the CsI containing cell. The efficiencies shown in this study are lower compared to values reported in the literature, and this can be attributed to the use of a single salt and the absence of other additives, since the focus of the present study was to analyze the cation effect. The highest short circuit current density of 9.43 mA cm
−2
was shown by the RbI containing cell. The enhancement of the solar cell performance with increasing size of the cation is discussed in terms of the effect of the cations on the TiO
2
anode and ion transport in the electrolyte. In liquid electrolyte based DSSCs, the short circuit current density has been reported to decrease with the increasing size of the cation. However, in this work, it follows an opposite trend highlighting a major difference between liquid and quasi-solid electrolytes on the solar cell performance.
The nature and concentration of cationic species in the electrolyte exert a profound influence on the efficiency of nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
Simulations of tropical volcanic eruptions using a general circulation model with coupled aerosol microphysics are used to assess the influence of season of eruption on the aerosol evolution and ...radiative impacts at the Earth's surface. This analysis is presented for eruptions with SO2 injection magnitudes of 17 and 700 Tg, the former consistent with estimates of the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption, the later a near-"super eruption". For each eruption magnitude, simulations are performed with eruptions at 15° N, at four equally spaced times of year. Sensitivity to eruption season of aerosol optical depth (AOD), clear-sky and all-sky shortwave (SW) radiative flux is quantified by first integrating each field for four years after the eruption, then calculating for each cumulative field the absolute or percent difference between the maximum and minimum response from the four eruption seasons. Eruption season has a significant influence on AOD and clear-sky SW radiative flux anomalies for both eruption magnitudes. The sensitivity to eruption season for both fields is generally weak in the tropics, but increases in the mid- and high latitudes, reaching maximum values of ~75 %. Global mean AOD and clear-sky SW anomalies show sensitivity to eruption season on the order of 15–20 %, which results from differences in aerosol effective radius for the different eruption seasons. Smallest aerosol size and largest cumulative impact result from a January eruption for Pinatubo-magnitude eruption, and from a July eruption for the near-super eruption. In contrast to AOD and clear-sky SW anomalies, all-sky SW anomalies are found to be insensitive to season of eruption for the Pinatubo-magnitude eruption experiment, due to the reflection of solar radiation by clouds in the mid- to high latitudes. However, differences in all-sky SW anomalies between eruptions in different seasons are significant for the larger eruption magnitude, and the ~15 % sensitivity to eruption season of the global mean all-sky SW anomalies is comparable to the sensitivity of global mean AOD and clear-sky SW anomalies. Our estimates of sensitivity to eruption season are larger than previously reported estimates: implications regarding volcanic AOD timeseries reconstructions and their use in climate models are discussed.
Boris Yeltsin is one of modern history's most dynamic and underappreciated figures. In this vivid, analytical masterwork, Herbert J. Ellison establishes Yeltsin as the principal leader and defender ...of Russia's democratic revolution - the very embodiment of Russia's fragile new liberties, including the evolving respect for the rule of law and private property as well as core freedoms of speech, religion, press, and political association.
In 1987 President Mikhail Gorbachev expelled Boris Yeltsin from his team of reform politicians, but Yeltsin rebounded from this potentially devastating setback to become the leader of the Russian democratic movement. He created a new office of Russian president, to which he was elected; designed a democratic constitution for the Soviet Union that precipitated a coup attempt by traditionalist communist leaders; granted independence to the nations of the Soviet Union; and replaced Communist Party rule with democracy and the socialist economy with a market economy. In a short period, he had succeeded in becoming the first popularly elected leader in a thousand years of Russian history. He had blocked violent attempts at counter-revolution and overcome powerful resistance to his reform program. His achievements rank among the most extraordinary feats of political leadership in the twentieth century.
This book analyses and explains China’s behaviour as an increasingly significant member of the United Nations Security Council by the concept of strategic preferences developed in the book. Looking ...at the continuity and change within China’s policy behaviour, it extends our understanding of this fast-rising power within the UN.
As much about ideas as action, this book asks why and in what ways ideas matter in foreign policy analysis. To explain China’s role in UN Security Council decision-making accurately, the author utilizes an original theoretical framework employing the concept of strategic preferences. To explain China’s strategy in the UN Security Council of balancing long-term and short-term concerns, the book examines set and ranked preferences for the courses of action which are informed by China’s national purposes. The book argues that present theories fail to capture the complexity of China’s thinking, the sense of vulnerability underlying China’s policy behaviour, and the increasing willingness to position itself as a responsible world power inclined towards a more positive role in Security Council decision-making.
China in UN Security Council Decision-making on Iraq will be of interest to scholars and students of international relations and Chinese politics.
Just after the collapse of the USSR in 1991 Azerbaijan became a sovereign state with a desire to be more modern and advanced than previously-and less religious, though not totally secular, than its ...immediate neighbour the Islamic Republic of Iran. This article will show the calculations made by Azerbaijan to find a balance that would allow it to achieve the confidence necessary to both take on an important regional role as a modern and progressive state while juggling its relations with Russia, Iran, Armenia, and Israel. While fulfilling its strategic needs, Azerbaijan has been using its geo-strategic position to manoeuvre itself through a maze of regional pressures and both develop its national identity, its regional and world views as well as its preferred religious orientation − while using Israel to serve as its bridge to the West.
The Soviet Union's efforts at centralized economic planning suffered greatly by neglecting to integrate cybernetics into a comprehensive model. Today, this cybernetic approach to economic planning is ...still blocked. The time has come to implement alternative planning in the form of an automated model that coordinates the activities of all industries and sectors of toward a prosperous and sustainable future.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The Putin and Bush presidencies, the 9/11 attack, and the war in Iraq have changed the dynamics of Russian-European-US relations and strained the Western alliance. Featuring contributions by leading ...experts in the field, this work is the first systematic effort to reassess the status of Russia's modernization efforts in this context. Part I examines political, economic, legal, and cultural developments in Russia for evidence of convergence with Western norms. In Part II, the contributors systematically analyze Russia's relations with the European Union, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the United States in light of new security concerns and changing economic and power relationships.
Abstract
The silverside sailfin,
Telmatherina sarasinorum
Kottelat 1991, is an endemic fish that lives in Matano Lake, South Sulawesi. The purpose of this study is to analyze the stomach contents of
...T. sarasinorum.
The study was conducted from March 2018 to February 2019. Samples were collected using bag nets (with mesh size of 0.5 inches). The fish collected (N=2124 individuals) consisted of 1318 male fish and 806 female fish with a total body length ranging from 30.1 to 89.85 mm. Gastrointestinal contents were analyzed using Index of Preponderance (IP), niche breadth, and feeding overlap. The data was processed based on gender temporally and spatially. The results showed that the fish’s main diet was insects (IP 71.04% in males, 95.40% in females) and fish eggs (IP 26.04% in males, 3.71% in females). The value of niche breadth in males and females was low, ranging from 0.0005-0.2291 (male) and 0.0048-0.2295 (female) indicating that this species was a fish that specializes in utilizing food. There was a high competition for food between males and females which was indicated by a fairly large overlap value, which was 0.7767 temporally and 0.7725 spatially.
تناول الباحث في كتابه أهمية العراق بالنسبة لبريطانيا، كونه من الطرق المهمة المؤدية إلى الهند (درة التاج البريطاني)، لذلك عندما اندلعت الحرب العالمية الأولى قامت بريطانيا باحتلال العراق، رغبة منها في ...تحويله إلى مقاطعة هندية، ولكن على إثر قيام ثورة العشرين في العراق سنة 1920، غيرت بريطانيا سياستها تجاه العراق بوساطة تأسيس حكم ذاتي يتكفل بالمحافظة على المصالح البريطانية، فتشكلت حكومة مؤقتة برئاسة عبدالرحمن النقيب، يساعده عدد من الأشراف وبعض الوطنيين وبمشورة المستشارين البريطانيين، فكانت هذه الحكومة هي بداية أسس الحكم الوطني عن طريق الحكم البريطاني المتستر بقناع الواجهة العربية العراقية، وكانت بريطانيا ترغب في وضع ملكا على العراق يحكم الحكومة العراقية الدائمة الجديدة، وعلي الرغم من تعدد المرشحين من العراقيين وغيرهم إلا أن بريطانيا كانت مؤيدة لأحد أنجال الشريف حسين، ولاسيما الملك فيصل. وتسلم الملك فيصل الأول عرش العراق سنة 1921، يبدأ الوجه الجديد من أوجه العلاقات العراقية -البريطانية، فضلا عن سياسته تجاه المعارضة في البلاد حتى تكللت جهوده بالنجاح بعد دخول العراق عصبة الأمم سنة 1932، وخلال هذه الفترة شهد العراق تطورا في أوضاعه الاقتصادية والاجتماعية.
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