The article looks at the narration of ethnocide through a comparative reading of two contemporary Bosnian novels (Kljucanin's Prieevalec and Karahasan's Nocni shod) about the Bosnian War (1992-1995) ...against the historical and literary backdrop of other selected novels that thematize nationalisms in the Yugoslav Wars and their effects. The comparison reveals recourse to testimonial discourse and the attendant use of "non-mimetic" narrative strategies of temporality ("circular," "melded") as a common narrative strategy. These are attended, moreover, by the specific treatment of the motif and theme of "the spectre," which evokes the Islamic religious context and the cultural-historical embeddedness of the narrative and which at the same time facilitates the intrusion of the fantastic or even a reading in the magical realist code.
Drawing on the hostage model of Williamson (1983. "Credible Commitments: Using Hostages to Support Exchange." The American Economic Review 73: 519—540) and recent studies identifying equity ...affiliation as a robust hostage in the Japanese automotive industry, we examine the relationship between automobile assemblers and their suppliers under different demand conditions. Specifically, we explore the extent to which assemblers buffer their equity-affiliated suppliers from demand fluctuations to a greater extent than is the case for unaffiliated suppliers. Our empirical analysis suggests that assemblers buffered their affiliated suppliers from the effects of a negative demand shock in 1992—95, apparently favoring affiliates over unaffiliated suppliers during this period, as predicted by the hostage model. However, affiliates in our sample also more frequently adjust production to accommodate short-run demand fluctuations faced by the auto assemblers. We discuss how our findings relate to alternative theoretical explanations, such as those featuring differential supplier capabilities, risk aversion, or supply assurance in the face of sticky price adjustments.
L'article traite des techniques miliciennes et militaires du nettoyage ethnique, pratiques masquées par le terme de « guerre » ou de « guerre civile », en prenant le cas spécifique d'une bourgade ...frontalière de la Bosnie-Herzégovine et de la Serbie : Višegrad. Les sources employées pour cette description sont des sources judiciaires. Elles proviennent des dépositions données dans le cadre des interrogatoires et des contre-interrogatoires de témoins qui se sont exprimés devant le Tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie. Les pratiques de violence analysées ici appartiennent sous certains rapports à un ensemble plus large, malgré, bien sûr, la différence des configurations contextuelles. Les enquêtes des tribunaux pénaux internationaux révèlent ainsi le détail de ces entreprises, qualifiées du terme générique de « guerres asymétriques », mettant en lumière, sans les dépolitiser, les techniques d'arraisonnement massif de « populations civiles » par des groupes en armes, à telles ou telles fins; ici pour assurer l'homogénéité ethnique d'un territoire. This study of the techniques that, used by militia and the military for ethnic cleansing, were masked under the terms « warfare » or « civil war » focuses on a small town near the border between Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia : Visegrad. Judiciary sources are used, namely the testimonies collected during the cross-examination of witnesses before the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia. The acts of violence analyzed herein belong, in certain regards, to a larger set despite differences in the contexts. The inquiries conducted by international courts reveal in detail these actions, qualified under the generic phrase « asymmetrical warfare ». They shed light on the techniques (without depoliticizing them) that armed groups use to control civilian masses, in this case for the purpose of making a territory ethnically homogeneous.
Using data from the 1992-95 Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality, an employer survey, the authors document a new empirical finding that workers are less likely to receive promotions in nonprofit ...organizations than in for-profit firms. The study also uncovers evidence that wage increases associated with promotion were of comparable magnitudes in the two sectors, as was the potential for within-job wage growth; nonprofits were less likely than for-profits to base promotions on job performance or merit; nonprofits were less likely to use output-contingent incentive contracts to motivate workers; and the observed difference in promotion rates between the nonprofit and for-profit sectors was more pronounced for high-skilled than for low-skilled workers. The authors also propose a theory that potentially explains the broad pattern of evidence they uncover, based on the idea that nonprofit workers are more intrinsically motivated (attracted to their work for reasons transcending material compensation) than are for-profit workers.
The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) requires most food products to include a nutrition label. Prior to the NLEA, labeling was voluntary. This study uses nutrition label information and ...supermarket scanner data pre‐ and post‐NLEA to examine the impact of moving from a voluntary to a mandatory labeling regime on consumer product choice. The voluntary unraveling of information is shown to be an important market mechanism. Prior to the NLEA, all low‐fat salad dressings had a nutrition label, while the majority of the higher fat dressings did not. However, there remained large variation in fat content among dressings that did not voluntarily label. Those with the highest fat levels experienced a significant decline in sales after they were required to disclose. The results indicate that even in markets with credible, low‐cost mechanisms to disclose, mandatory labeling can have an impact on consumer behavior and health.
Using intraday data, we document the responses of gold and silver future prices to monthly macroeconomic news releases. Both metals respond strongly to the release of Capacity Utilization. Gold also ...responds strongly to the release of the CPI. We also find that the release of the Unemployment Rate affects both gold and silver, whereas the Gross Domestic Product and PPI have significant effects on gold. Weak responses by gold to the release of the Federal Deficit and silver to the release of the CPI, Hourly Wages, Business Inventories, and Construction spending are also noted.
Keywords: Macroeconomic news; Metals; Volatility
JEL classification: G12; G14
The concept of UN peacekeeping has had to evolve and change to meet the challenges of contemporary sources of conflict; consequently, peacekeeping operations have grown rapidly in number and ...complexity. This book examines a number of issues associated with contemporary multinational peace operations, and seeks to provide insights into the problems that arise in establishing and deploying such forces to meet the challenges of current conflicts. The focus of the book is three case studies (Lebanon, Somalia and Kosovo), involving a comparative analysis of the traditional peacekeeping in Lebanon, the more robust peace enforcement mission in Somalia, and the international administration undertaken on behalf of the international community in Kosovo. The book analyses the lessons that may be learned from these operations in terms of mandates, command and control, use of force and the relevance of international humanitarian and human rights law to such operations.
Developed through a series of encounters with a Bosnian Serb soldier, Looking for Bosnia is a meditation on the possibilities and limitations of responding to extreme political violence in the ...context of the Bosnian war.
We study whether the incumbent or the (potential) entrant invests more into R&D, using data of about 3500 German firms from 1992 to 1995 that explicitly asks firms for their motives in undertaking ...innovative activity, making it possible to take account intended, not just completed, market entry. We find that challengers invest more into R&D to enter a new market than the incumbents, making the patent racing model by Reinganum and others seem more accurate than the auction model of Gilbert and Newbery. We estimate a tobit model with selectivity to take account of the econometric problem of double censoring.
Variations in the efficiency of demersal trawlers operating in the English Channel were examined through the estimation of a stochastic frontier production function. The most important measurable ...factor affecting efficiency was the age of the vessel. However, unmeasurable factors accounted for about 65% of the variation in efficiency, and as much as 9% of the total variation in catches between boats. It is postulated that most of this variation was due to differences in skipper and crew skill. In contrast, “luck” accounted for around 11% of the variation in catches between boats.
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