In this increasingly globalized era, foreign direct investments are considered to be one of the most important sources of external financing for all countries. This paper investigates the causal ...relationship between trade openness and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in Romania during the period 1997-2019. Throughout this study, Trade Openness is the main independent variable, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Real Effective Exchange Rate (EXR), Inflation (INF), and Education (EDU) act as control variables for investigating the relationships between trade openness (TOP) and FDI inflow in Romania. The Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds test procedure was adopted to achieve the above-mentioned objective. Trade openness has negative and statistically significant long-run and short-run relationships with FDI inflows in Romania throughout the period. Trade openness negatively affects the FDI inflow, which suggest that the higher the level of openness is, the less likely it is that FDI will be attracted in the long run. The result of the Granger causality test indicated that Romania has a unidirectional relationship between trade openness and FDI. It also showed that the direction of causality ran from FDI to trade openness.
In 2018, China significantly increased tariffs on imports of several agricultural commodities from the United States, including a 25 percentage point rise in the tariff on soybeans. China has been ...the primary foreign destination for U.S. soybeans over the past decade, accounting for a majority of U.S. soybean exports. A disruption in soybean markets could have broad implications for the U.S. agricultural sector, where soybeans have made up a majority of the growth in exports of bulk agricultural commodities and a growing share of crop production and farm revenues.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
CEKLJ, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Energy consumption, economic growth, and pollution levels are three of the most critical factors for the successful planning and implementation of economic development goals and policies that promote ...growth while protecting the environment. Evaluating the relationship between these three factors is of great value to policy and decision makers along with researchers. This study examines the nexus between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth utilizing the generalized method of moments (GMM) with panel data for the country of Iran for the period 1997-2019. The results show that a positive and significant bidirectional causal relationship exists between energy consumption and economic growth and energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The findings suggest that environmental and energy policies should encourage the use of alternative and cleaner energy sources such as solar energy, establish policies that promote the use of new technologies and other solutions that reduce environmental pollution, and maintain sustainable economic growth strategies and energy sources.
With “2020 hindsight,” the 2000s housing cycle is not a boom-bust but rather a boom- bust-rebound at both the national level and across cities. We argue this pattern reflects a larger role for ...fundamentally-rooted explanations than previously thought. We construct a city-level long-run fundamental using a spatial equilibrium regression framework in which house prices are determined by local income, amenities, and supply. The fundamental predicts not only 1997-2019 price and rent growth but also the amplitude of the boom-bust-rebound and foreclosures. This evidence motivates our neo-Kindlebergerian model, in which an improvement in fundamentals triggers a boom-bust-rebound. Agents learn about the fundamentals by observing “dividends” but become over-optimistic due to diagnostic expectations. A bust ensues when over-optimistic beliefs start to correct, exacerbated by a price-foreclosure spiral that drives prices below their long-run level. The rebound follows as prices converge to a path commensurate with higher fundamental growth. The estimated model explains the boom-bust-rebound with a single fundamental shock and accounts quantitatively for cross-city patterns in the dynamics of prices and foreclosures.
The True State of the U.S. Economy McCormack, Michael; Novello, Amanda
Challenge (White Plains),
20/3/3/, Letnik:
63, Številka:
2
Magazine Article
In a world of media short cuts and partisan bickering, it is widely accepted the U.S. economy is strong. Short cut indicators like the unemployment rate, in truth, tell us far too little. The ...American economy has underlying problems including weak productivity and investment, and unequal wage growth. The authors elaborate on this valuable piece.
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