Abstract
We estimate a stochastic life-cycle model of endogenous health spending, asset accumulation, and retirement to investigate the causes behind the increase in health spending and longevity in ...the United States over the period 1965–2005. Accounting for changes over time in taxes, transfers, Social Security, income, health insurance, smoking and obesity, and technological progress, we estimate that technological progress is responsible for half of the increase in life expectancy over the period. Substantial growth in health spending over the period is largely the result of growth in economic resources and the generosity of health insurance, with a modest role for medical technological progress. The growth in spending does not come from changes in a single source, but sources jointly interacted to increase spending: complementarity effects explain up to 26.3% of the increase in health spending. Overall, for those born in 1940, the combined changes in resources and health insurance that occurred over the period are valued at 35.7% of lifetime consumption.
(144977) 2005 EC127 is a V-/A-type inner-main-belt asteroid with a diameter of 0.6 0.1 km. Asteroids of this size are believed to have rubble-pile structure, and therefore cannot have a rotation ...period shorter than 2.2 hr. However, our measurements show that asteroid 2005 EC127 completes one rotation in 1.65 0.01 hr with a peak-to-peak light-curve variation of ∼0.5 mag. Therefore, this asteroid is identified as a large super-fast rotator. Either a rubble-pile asteroid with a bulk density of g cm−3 or an asteroid with an internal cohesion of 47 30 Pa can explain 2005 EC127. However, the scenario of high bulk density is very unlikely for asteroids. To date, only six large super-fast rotators, including 2005 EC127, have been reported, and this number is very small when compared with the much more numerous fast rotators. We also note that none of the six reporting large SFRs are classified as C-type asteroids.
Abstract
This paper presents a firm-level examination of the European Union (EU) vs US research and development (R&D) intensity differences based on four pictures taken during the time span ...2005–2017. It contributes to the literature on the topic by inspecting for the first time which sectors and firms account the most for the aggregate R&D intensity performance of these two economies. Analyzing the top 1250 R&D investors worldwide in four different years, it finds that (i) only few companies within key (for their relative impact on the overall R&D intensity) high-tech sectors determine (positively and negatively) the bulk of the sector’s intensity, (ii) the EU holds a much lower number of both larger and smaller R&D investors than the United States in the key high-tech sectors, and (iii) there is a high heterogeneity in firms’ R&D intensity within such key sectors. These findings are crucial to better understand the aggregate transatlantic corporate R&D intensity gap.
A digital administration requires new forms of cooperation. The work focuses on administrative networks as a form of organisation and shows legal possibilities of implementation through ...administrative networks on the basis of the "Onlinezugangsgesetz" (Online Access Act). Networks are analysed from the perspective of administrative law, taking into account the constitutional framework. The network characteristics identified are applied to the cooperation for im-plenting the Online Access Act and legal options for action are examined. Thus, the work is aimed at administrative law scholars with a focus on digital administration as well as representatives from federal, state and local administration.
Aftershocks are a response to changes in stress generated by large earthquakes and represent the most common observations of the triggering of earthquakes. The maximum magnitude of aftershocks and ...their temporal decay are well described by empirical laws (such as Bath's law
and Omori's law
), but explaining and forecasting the spatial distribution of aftershocks is more difficult. Coulomb failure stress change
is perhaps the most widely used criterion to explain the spatial distributions of aftershocks
, but its applicability has been disputed
. Here we use a deep-learning approach to identify a static-stress-based criterion that forecasts aftershock locations without prior assumptions about fault orientation. We show that a neural network trained on more than 131,000 mainshock-aftershock pairs can predict the locations of aftershocks in an independent test dataset of more than 30,000 mainshock-aftershock pairs more accurately (area under curve of 0.849) than can classic Coulomb failure stress change (area under curve of 0.583). We find that the learned aftershock pattern is physically interpretable: the maximum change in shear stress, the von Mises yield criterion (a scaled version of the second invariant of the deviatoric stress-change tensor) and the sum of the absolute values of the independent components of the stress-change tensor each explain more than 98 per cent of the variance in the neural-network prediction. This machine-learning-driven insight provides improved forecasts of aftershock locations and identifies physical quantities that may control earthquake triggering during the most active part of the seismic cycle.
ABSTRACT
The investigation of asteroids near the Sun is important for understanding the final evolutionary stage of primitive Solar system objects. A near-Sun asteroid (NSA), (155140) 2005 UD, has ...orbital elements similar to those of (3200) Phaethon (the target asteroid for the JAXA’s DESTINY+ mission). We conducted photometric and polarimetric observations of 2005 UD and found that this asteroid exhibits a polarization phase curve similar to that of Phaethon over a wide range of observed solar phase angles (α = 20–105°) but different from those of (101955) Bennu and (162173) Ryugu (asteroids composed of hydrated carbonaceous materials). At a low phase angle (α ≲ 30°), the polarimetric properties of these NSAs (2005 UD and Phaethon) are consistent with anhydrous carbonaceous chondrites, while the properties of Bennu are consistent with hydrous carbonaceous chondrites. We derived the geometric albedo, pV ∼ 0.1 (in the range of 0.088–0.109); mean V-band absolute magnitude, HV = 17.54 ± 0.02; synodic rotational period, $T_\mathrm{rot} = 5.2388 \pm 0.0022 \, \mathrm{h}$ (the two-peaked solution is assumed); and effective mean diameter, $D_\mathrm{eff} = 1.32 \pm 0.06 \, \mathrm{km}$. At large phase angles (α ≳ 80°), the polarization phase curve are likely explained by the dominance of large grains and the paucity of small micron-sized grains. We conclude that the polarimetric similarity of these NSAs can be attributed to the intense solar heating of carbonaceous materials around their perihelia, where large anhydrous particles with small porosity could be produced by sintering.
Financial Literacy and Savings Account Returns Deuflhard, Florian; Georgarakos, Dimitris; Inderst, Roman
Journal of the European Economic Association,
02/2019, Letnik:
17, Številka:
1
Journal Article
The present review portrays a concise account of the isolation, bioactivity, and synthesis of bioactive quinazolinone-based natural products for the period 1983–2005 and the recent developments in ...the area of complex quinazolinone natural products with a special emphasis on new synthetic routes and strategies.
Display omitted The present review portrays a concise account of the isolation, bioactivity, and synthesis of bioactive quinazolinone-based natural products for the period 1983–2005 and the recent developments in the area of complex quinazolinone natural products with a special emphasis on new synthetic routes and strategies.
Abstract
The use of ‘Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation’ (DNACPR) recommendations has come under scrutiny during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Care Quality Commission (CQC) has issued a ...call for new standards, guidance and training. One group for whom new training is required is ‘capacity professionals’ working in and with residential care facilities. These professionals (including Independent Mental Capacity Advocates and Best Interests Assessors) typically have a social work background and have specialist training regarding the 2005 Mental Capacity Act, the provisions of which have a direct relevance to DNACPR recommendations. We report on a survey and focus groups that probed the experiences of this professional group during the pandemic. We recruited 262 participants by approaching civil society organisations in which capacity professionals are well represented; twenty-two participated in follow-on focus groups. We used manifest content analysis and descriptive statistics to analyse the results. Our findings contribute to an emerging picture of what transpired in residential care homes during the first year of the pandemic and help to provide an empirical and normative basis for the development of the new guidance and training for which the CQC has called.
The use of ‘Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation’ (DNACPR) recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic has been a topic of continuing interest and concern. We report on the experiences of a distinctive group of professionals who worked in and with residential care homes during the pandemic. The results contribute to an emerging picture of what happened in care homes during the first year of the pandemic and help provide an empirical and normative basis for the development of the new guidance and training for which the Care Quality Commission has called. Participants reported on blanket applications of DNACPRs, failure of adequate consultation, inadequate or inadequately documented grounds for DNACPR recommendations, and reliance on DNACPR recommendations beyond their designated use. We identify five areas in need of clarification in relation to existing guidance and training and recommend modifications to the procedures used to record and review DNACPR recommendations.
National surveillance provides important information about Lyme disease (LD) but is subject to underreporting and variations in practice. Information is limited about the national epidemiology of LD ...from other sources. Retrospective analysis of a nationwide health insurance claims database identified patients from 2005-2010 with clinician-diagnosed LD using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, codes and antimicrobial drug prescriptions. Of 103,647,966 person-years, 985 inpatient admissions and 44,445 outpatient LD diagnoses were identified. Epidemiologic patterns were similar to US surveillance data overall. Outpatient incidence was highest among boys 5-9 years of age and persons of both sexes 60-64 years of age. On the basis of extrapolation to the US population and application of correction factors for coding, we estimate that annual incidence is 106.6 cases/100,000 persons and that ≈329,000 (95% credible interval 296,000-376,000) LD cases occur annually. LD is a major US public health problem that causes substantial use of health care resources.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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