We propose a P wave based procedure for the rapid estimation of the radiated seismic energy, and a novel relationship for obtaining an energy‐based local magnitude (MLe) measure of the earthquake ...size. We apply the new procedure to the seismic sequence that struck Central Italy in 2016. Scaling relationships involving seismic moment and radiated energy are discussed for the Mw 6.0 Amatrice, Mw 5.9 Ussita, and Mw 6.5 Norcia earthquakes, including 35 ML > 4 aftershocks. The Mw 6.0 Amatrice earthquake shows the highest apparent stress, and the observed differences among the three main events highlight the dynamic heterogeneity with which large earthquakes can occur in Central Italy. Differences between estimates of MLe and Mw allows identification of events which are characterized by a higher proportion of energy being transferred to seismic waves, providing important real‐time indications of earthquakes shaking potential.
Key Points
An energy‐based local magnitude scale (MLe) for measuring the earthquake size during real‐time operations is proposed
In the analysis of the 2016 Central Italy sequence, large values for the apparent stress are observed, extending from about 0.5 to 25 MPa
Mw and MLe can be used together for better capturing the shaking potential of earthquakes in real‐time applications
The US Dietary Guidelines will expand in 2020 to include infants and toddlers. Understanding current dietary intakes is critical to inform policy.
The purpose of this analysis was to examine the ...usual total nutrient intakes from diet and supplements among US children.
The Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 2016 is a national cross-sectional study of children aged <48 mo (n = 3235): younger infants (birth to 5.9 mo), older infants (6–11.9 mo), toddlers (12–23.9 mo), younger preschoolers (24–36.9 mo), and older preschoolers (36–47.9 mo) based on the use of a 24-h dietary recall. A second 24-h recall was collected from a representative subsample (n = 799). Energy, total nutrient intake distributions, and compliance with Dietary Reference Intakes were estimated with the use of the National Cancer Institute method.
Dietary supplement use was 15–23% among infants and toddlers and 35–45% among preschoolers. Dietary intakes of infants were adequate, with mean intakes exceeding Adequate Intake for all nutrients except vitamins D and E. Iron intakes fell below the Estimated Average Requirement for older infants (18%). We found that 31–33% of children aged 12–47.9 mo had low percentage of energy from total fat, and >60% of children aged 24–47.9 mo exceeded the saturated fat guidelines. The likelihood of nutrient inadequacy for many nutrients was higher for toddlers: 3.2% and 2.5% greater than the Adequate Intake for fiber and potassium and 76% and 52% less than the Estimated Average Requirement for vitamins D and E, respectively. These patterns continued through older ages. Intakes exceeded the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of sodium, retinol, and zinc across most age groups.
Dietary intakes of US infants are largely nutritionally adequate; concern exists over iron intakes in those aged 6–11.9 mo. For toddlers and preschoolers, high intake of sodium and low intakes of potassium, fiber, and vitamin D and, for preschoolers, excess saturated fat are of concern. Excess retinol, zinc, and folic acid was noted across most ages, especially among supplement users.
Sixteen for '16 offers a new agenda for the 2016 US election crafted around sixteen core principles from securing jobs to saving the Earth. It is a manifesto which makes the argument for each of ...these positions, clearly, concisely, and supported by hard data. Its progressive agenda charts a realistic path toward a better tomorrow.
The importance of the gut-brain axis in regulating stress-related responses has long been appreciated. More recently, the microbiota has emerged as a key player in the control of this axis, ...especially during conditions of stress provoked by real or perceived homeostatic challenge. Diet is one of the most important modifying factors of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The routes of communication between the microbiota and brain are slowly being unravelled, and include the vagus nerve, gut hormone signaling, the immune system, tryptophan metabolism, and microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids. The importance of the early life gut microbiota in shaping later health outcomes also is emerging. Results from preclinical studies indicate that alterations of the early microbial composition by way of antibiotic exposure, lack of breastfeeding, birth by Caesarean section, infection, stress exposure, and other environmental influences - coupled with the influence of host genetics - can result in long-term modulation of stress-related physiology and behaviour. The gut microbiota has been implicated in a variety of stress-related conditions including anxiety, depression and irritable bowel syndrome, although this is largely based on animal studies or correlative analysis in patient populations. Additional research in humans is sorely needed to reveal the relative impact and causal contribution of the microbiome to stress-related disorders. In this regard, the concept of psychobiotics is being developed and refined to encompass methods of targeting the microbiota in order to positively impact mental health outcomes. At the 2016 Neurobiology of Stress Workshop in Newport Beach, CA, a group of experts presented the symposium "The Microbiome: Development, Stress, and Disease". This report summarizes and builds upon some of the key concepts in that symposium within the context of how microbiota might influence the neurobiology of stress.
Reviewers for 2016 Krausman, Paul R.; Cox, Allison S.; Knipps, Anna C. S.
The Journal of wildlife management,
04/2017, Letnik:
81, Številka:
3
Journal Article
A gripping in-depth look at the presidential election that stunned the world
Donald Trump's election victory resulted in one of the most unexpected presidencies in history. Identity Crisis provides ...the definitive account of the campaign that seemed to break all the political rules—but in fact didn't. Featuring a new afterword by the authors that discusses the 2018 midterms and today's emerging political trends, this compelling book describes how Trump's victory was foreshadowed by changes in the Democratic and Republican coalitions that were driven by people's racial and ethnic identities, and how the Trump campaign exacerbated these divisions by hammering away on race, immigration, and religion. The result was an epic battle not just for the White House but about what America should be.
Klebsiella pneumoniae
sequence type (ST) 307 is an emerging global antimicrobial drug–resistant clone. We used whole-genome sequencing and PCR to characterize
K. pneumoniae
ST307 with oxacillinase ...(OXA) 181 carbapenemase across several private hospitals in South Africa during 2014–2016. The South Africa ST307 belonged to a different clade (clade VI) with unique genomic characteristics when compared with global ST307 (clades I–V). Bayesian evolution analysis showed that clade VI emerged around March 2013 in Gauteng Province, South Africa, and then evolved during 2014 into 2 distinct lineages.
K. pneumoniae
ST307 clade VI with OXA-181 disseminated over a 15-month period within 42 hospitals in 23 cities across 6 northeastern provinces, affecting 350 patients. The rapid expansion of ST307 was most likely due to intrahospital, interhospital, intercity, and interprovince movements of patients. This study highlights the importance of molecular surveillance for tracking emerging antimicrobial clones.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Radon-222 concentrations in spring water changed after the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake.•All springs with large Rn increases were in the earthquake’s compressive quadrant.•We explained the change of Rn ...concentrations as a direct consequence of porosity change.•Net porosity changes from pre- to post-seismic was 30‒70% by considering Rn release equation.
This study examined radon concentrations in springs in Kumamoto and Aso regions following the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, in addition to monitoring springs near the Futagawa-Hinagu fault zone for more than two years following the earthquake to investigate the relationship between crustal deformation and the radon concentration variation. We compared these radon concentrations with those obtained prior to the earthquake. The springs that showed elevated radon concentrations were located within the compressive strain quadrant of the earthquake. The post-seismic concentration variations of the monitored springs can be explained by rock porosity changes. These results suggest that the radon concentration in spring water is affected by porosity changes caused by stress changes derived from earthquake deformation and subsequent post-seismic relaxation. Our results are consistent with the previously inferred permeability enhancement model. Mass conservation calculations for radon release yielded porosity changes ranging from 30% to 70% for some aquifer systems. This study explores the possibility of radon monitoring as a tool to investigate not only seismic precursors but also post-seismic crustal deformation and aquifer property changes due to large earthquakes on a regional scale.
Healthy food consumption patterns in early childhood support optimal growth and development and promote lifelong health.
The objective of the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016 is to ...provide updated information on food consumption patterns of children aged 0 to <4 y. This article focuses on several key aspects of the food consumption patterns of 2- and 3-y-olds and how those patterns differ between racial/ethnic groups.
The FITS 2016 is a cross-sectional study in caregivers of children aged 0 to <4 y living in the United States. Dietary data were collected in a national random sample of children (n = 3235, of whom 600 were aged 24–47.9 mo) by using a 24-h dietary recall telephone survey with the primary caregiver of the child. Data from the recall were used to calculate the percentage of children consuming specific food groups on the day of the recall and energy from these foods (kilocalories per consumer). Differences in food patterns between racial/ethnic groups were analyzed by using ANOVA and t tests.
On the day of the 24-h dietary recall, 27% of 2- and 3-y-olds did not consume a distinct portion of vegetables. Fried potatoes were the most commonly consumed vegetable. Approximately 75% consumed a distinct portion of fruit and 45% consumed 100% fruit juice. Eighty-one percent of children consumed cow milk. Almost all (95%) consumed a grain product, and 59% consumed a whole grain–rich product. The majority of children (88%) consumed meat or another protein food. Nearly all (90%) consumed a dessert, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB), or sweet; and 45% consumed an SSB. Thirty-six percent of children consumed a savory snack. There were some differences in food consumption patterns between racial/ethnic groups.
Findings from the FITS 2016 indicate that individual-, community-, and policy-level strategies are needed to improve the diets of young children in the United States.
We investigate the ground deformation and source geometry of the 2016 Amatrice earthquake (Central Italy) by exploiting ALOS2 and Sentinel‐1 coseismic differential interferometric synthetic aperture ...radar (DInSAR) measurements. They reveal two NNW‐SSE striking surface deformation lobes, which could be the effect of two distinct faults or the rupture propagation of a single fault. We examine both cases through a single and a double dislocation planar source. Subsequently, we extend our analysis by applying a 3‐D finite elements approach jointly exploiting DInSAR measurements and an independent, structurally constrained, 3‐D fault model. This model is based on a double fault system including the two northern Gorzano and Redentore‐Vettoretto faults (NGF and RVF) which merge into a single WSW dipping fault surface at the hypocentral depth (8 km). The retrieved best fit coseismic surface deformation pattern well supports the exploited structural model. The maximum displacements occur at 5–7 km depth, reaching 90 cm on the RVF footwall and 80 cm on the NGF hanging wall. The von Mises stress field confirms the retrieved seismogenic scenario.
Key Points
Investigation of the ground deformation and source geometry of the 2016 Amatrice earthquake (Central Italy)
Coseismic displacements modeling through a 3‐D finite elements approach jointly exploiting DInSAR measurements and a 3‐D fault model
Evidence of a bilateral rupture propagating along two en echelon normal faults conjoined at the hypocenter
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