TCAD simulations of humidity-induced breakdown of silicon sensors Ninca, I-S.; Bloch, I.; Brüers, B. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
October 2024, Letnik:
1067
Journal Article
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The breakdown voltage of silicon sensors is known to be affected by the ambient humidity. To understand the sensor’s humidity sensitivity, Synopsys TCAD was used to simulate n-in-p sensors for ...different effective relative humidities. Photon emission of hot electrons was imaged with a microscope to locate breakdown in the edge-region of the sensor. The Top-Transient Current Technique was used to measure charge transport near the surface in the breakdown region of the sensor. Using the measurements and simulations, the evolution of the electric field with relative humidity and the carrier densities towards breakdown in the periphery of p-bulk silicon sensors are investigated.
The steadily increasing luminosity of LHC requires an upgrade to high rate capability and high resolution detector technologies, for the innermost station of the muon spectrometer of the ATLAS ...experiment. For precision tracking 4 types of 2 and 3 m2 large Micromegas quadruplets will provide 8 consecutive active layers, each with 100 μm spatial resolution per individual plane. Data taken at the 120 GeV SPS muon and pion beam in August 2017 on one 2 m2 quadruplet prototype (SM2 built by the German colleagues). The full active area of the SM2 prototype quadruplet has been calibrated in the Munich Cosmic Ray Facility (CRF).
Dark matter particles, if sufficiently light, may be produced in decays of the Higgs boson. This Letter presents a statistical combination of searches for H→invisible decays where H is produced ...according to the standard model via vector boson fusion, Z(ℓℓ)H, and W/Z(had)H, all performed with the ATLAS detector using 36.1 fb^{-1} of pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of sqrts=13 TeV at the LHC. In combination with the results at sqrts=7 and 8 TeV, an exclusion limit on the H→invisible branching ratio of 0.26(0.17_{-0.05}^{+0.07}) at 95% confidence level is observed (expected).
A search for charged Higgs bosons heavier than the top quark and decaying via H± → tb is presented. The data analysed corresponds to 36.1 fb−1 of pp collisions at √ s = 13 TeV and was recorded with ...the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2015 and 2016. The production of a charged Higgs boson in association with a top quark and a bottom quark, pp → tbH±, is explored in the mass range from mH± = 200 to 2000 GeV using multi-jet final states with one or two electrons or muons. Events are categorised according to the multiplicity of jets and how likely these are to have originated from hadronisation of a bottom quark. Multivariate techniques are used to discriminate between signal and background events. No significant excess above the background-only hypothesis is observed and exclusion limits are derived for the production cross-section times branching ratio of a charged Higgs boson as a function of its mass, which range from 2.9 pb at mH± = 200 GeV to 0.070 pb at mH± = 2000 GeV. The results are interpreted in two benchmark scenarios of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model.
In ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, one expects copious rates of γ + γ processes through the interaction of the large electromagnetic fields of the nuclei, which can produce new particles ...(e.g. leptons) or even lead to light-by-light scattering via loop diagrams. The latter process is a notable prediction of QED and was only recently observed by ATLAS using the full 2018 dataset of Pb+Pb collisions at LHC. In ultra-peripheral collisions (UPCs), characterized by the large impact parameter between the nuclei, the outgoing leptons and photons are produced exclusively, and exhibit a strong back-to-back momentum correlation, with long tails induced by higher-order QED effects. This work presents measurements of dilepton production and light-by-light scattering performed by the ATLAS collaboration. The angular correlations as well as differential production cross sections in UPCs are measured and compared to theoretical models, including final state QED radiation. Muon pairs produced by the same two-photon scattering process in hadronic Pb+Pb collisions also potentially provide a sensitive probe of the quark gluon plasma. First measurements by ATLAS and STAR of dileptons produced via two-photon scattering in non-ultra-peripheral (non-UPC) nucleus-nucleus collisions showed an unexpected centrality-dependent broadening of the angular correlation between the two leptons and/or of the two-lepton pT distribution. ATLAS has recently measured dimuons produced via two-photon scattering in non-UPC Pb+Pb collisions at sNN=5.02TeV using data collected during the 2015 & 2018 runs at LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.9 nb−1. This data set represents a factor of 4 increase in statistics over the 2015 data set used for the first ATLAS measurement. The increased statistics allow new features to be observed in the data, as well as differential studies of the dependence of the pair-distribution on the transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity of the two muons. The results of the new measurement and the possible physics implications will be discussed.
A direct search for the standard model Higgs boson decaying to a pair of charm quarks is presented. Associated production of the Higgs and Z bosons, in the decay mode ZH→ℓ^{+}ℓ^{-}ccover ¯ is ...studied. A data set with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb^{-1} of pp collisions at sqrts=13TeV recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC is used. The H→ccover ¯ signature is identified using charm-tagging algorithms. The observed (expected) upper limit on σ(pp→ZH)×B(H→ccover ¯) is 2.7 (3.9_{-1.1}^{+2.1}) pb at the 95% confidence level for a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV, while the standard model value is 26 fb.
The technique of evaporative CO2 cooling is one of the standard cooling options for high-energy particle detectors, such as the new ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) for the planned high-luminosity upgrade ...of the LHC by 2026. The advantages of CO2 are a high latent heat transfer at reasonable flow parameters, a low viscosity which allows to use small diameter cooling pipes with a low pressure drops, a well-suited temperature range for detector cooling between ＋25 and −40 °C and being an environment friendly alternative to many other currently used coolants. When comparing with a monophase coolant, the operation in the dual-phase regime comes with several parameters influencing the cooling performance.
This paper contains the results of experimental studies performed to understand these influencing factors. For this, prototype structures from the ITk strip detector end-cap were used, like bare local support structures (‘cores’) or fully loaded structures (‘petals’). Here, the design is optimized to guarantee a good heat transfer between the silicon strip modules glued on the surface and the embedded titanium cooling pipe with the CO2 coolant. Systematic investigations on the thermal performance using infrared thermography are used to study the influence of dual-phase CO2 cooling parameters such as the orientation of CO2 flow. Moreover, the dependence of the pressure drop as a key parameter for the cooling performance on the applied heat load or the selected mass flow rate is investigated.
A search for the narrow structure, X (5568), reported by the D0 Collaboration in the decay sequence X → B$0\atop{s}$π ± , B$0\atop{s}$ → J/ψΦ, is presented. The analysis is based on a data sample ...recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC corresponding to 4.9 fb-1 of pp collisions at 7 TeV and 19.5 fb-1 at 8 TeV. No significant signal was found. Upper limits on the number of signal events, with properties corresponding to those reported by D0, and on the X production rate relative to B$0\atop{s}$ mesons, ρX, were determined at 95% confidence level. The results are N (X) < 382 and ρX < 0.015 for B$0\atop{s}$ mesons with transverse momenta above 10 GeV, and N (X) < 356 and ρX < 0.016 for transverse momenta above 15 GeV. Finally, limits are also set for potential B$0\atop{s}$π ± resonances in the mass range 5550 to 5700 MeV.
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