Based on the characteristics of the translation of comics in general, in this article we have focused our research on one of the globally known comics. Considering the translation of comics as a ...translation branch par excellence, since the translator must transmit the message of a concise discourse – sometimes diverse and complex and always related to the corresponding image – into another language and in a limited space, the article is about the importance of the cultural context in this type of translation, based on the analysis of ten stories of Asterix taking place in various territories: Hispania, Belgium, Rome, Brittany, Helvecia... Considering that all the René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo's episodes have been translated into both Spanish and Serbian, we have made a comparative analysis of procedures, approaches and solutions that the translators Víctor Moa and Đorđe Dimitrijević have applied in their respective translations, exploring verbal games, linguistic particularities, humor, phrases made and colloquial expressions. The objective of this research is to verify the difference between the translation of the comic discourse to a Romance language (Spanish) and a Slavic language (Serbian), as well as to explore contextual nuances, intertextualities and stereotypes, in order to find out how these elements have been transmitted or lost during the translation procedure. Therefore, we have concluded that the fact that one language is Romance and another Slavic is not crucial and does not influence the understanding of the speech, but it does contain different nuances due to translators’ abilities.
Partiendo de las características de la traducción de tebeos en general, en este artículo hemos enfocado nuestra investigación en uno de los cómics globalmente conocidos. Considerando la traducción de los tebeos como la rama traductológica por excelencia, puesto que el traductor debe transmitir el mensaje del discurso conciso –a veces diverso y complejo y siempre relacionado con la imagen correspondiente– al otro idioma y en un espacio limitado, el artículo versa sobre la importancia del contexto cultural en ese tipo de traducción, basándose en el análisis de diez histori(et)as de Astérix, llevadas a cabo en diversos territorios: Hispania, Bélgica, Roma, Bretaña, Helvecia... Teniendo en cuenta que todos los cuadernos de René Goscinny y Albert Uderzo están traducidos tanto al español como al serbio, hemos hecho un análisis comparativo de procedimientos, aproximaciones y soluciones que los traductores Víctor Mora y Đorđe Dimitrijević han aplicado en sus respectivas traducciones, explorando juegos verbales, particularidades lingüísticas, humor, frases hechas y expresiones coloquiales. El objetivo de esta investigación es comprobar la diferencia entre la traducción del discurso del cómic a un idioma romance (el español) y a un idioma eslavo (el serbio), así como explorar los matices contextuales, las intertextualidades y los estereotipos, a propósito de averiguar de qué manera estos elementos han sido transmitidos o perdidos durante el procedimiento de traducción. Por tanto, hemos concluido que el hecho de que una lengua es romance y otra eslava no tiene una importancia crucial y no influye el entendimiento del discurso, pero sí contiene los matices diferentes debido a la habilidad de los traductores.
The topography of the Ecuador presents areas without coverage called blind, in which the primary radars of the Ecuadorian Air Force (FAE) do not have coverage; making the surveillance in these areas, ...causing an increase of illegal flights aimed at drug trafficking. ...it is required to supplement the information with the signals of the civil radars in these areas; specifically the data provided by the Secondary Serveillance Radar (SSR), whose identification and monitoring of specific targets is done thanks to computers named transponders. Este sistema pretende tomar las señales de los radares de Galápagos, Manta, Cuenca, Quito y la Shell de la DGAC de manera individual y que convergen en un router en el cuarto de servidores del ACC- Guayaquil, y a través de la tecnología WiMAX, misma que permite prestar servicios en zonas de difícil acceso, cubriendo largas distancias y permitiendo materializar Puestos de Mando alternos en cualquier lugar dentro de la cobertura de la celda WiMAX, 8 mediante direccionamientos de canales de transmisión, capturar los datos de cada radar en forma individual y presentar en una consola utilizando el software VisualAST. 3.1. Además, el software VisualAST, presenta la información que una aeronave emite a través del transponder como la distancia, el azimut, el código, la identificación; estos datos permiten identificarlos y presentar la información, pasando a ser un track que ha sido localizado. EUROCONTROL, "EUROCONTROL STANDARD DOCUMENT FOR Part 13 Transmission of TIS-B Management Messages," no.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of N doses estimated by algorithms and applied as top-dressing on different nitrogen (N) efficiency indices in Asterix potatoes. Two experiments ...were installed in the field. The experiments were conducted in the randomized block design, in split-plot scheme, with four replicates, whose treatments, in the plots, were determined by five N doses in pre-planting and, in the subplots, by three criteria (algorithms evaluated) of top-dressing N. At 21 DAE (days after an emergency), the fourth fully developed potato leaf was evaluated with the SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) chlorophyll meter. This reading was used as an indicator of the need for top dressing. In harvesting the tubers, the following variables were determined: N content in shoots and tubers, amounts of N absorbed by shoots, tubers and total N, harvest index, N use efficiency, N agronomic efficiency and physiological efficiency of N. The application criteria did not significantly influence the variables related to the content and amount of absorbed N, except for the N content of the tubers in the 2018 experiment. Of N absorbed by shoots, tubers and plants and the agronomic efficiency of N were significantly influenced by the N dose applied pre-planting. The agronomic efficiency was significantly influenced by the N dose estimated by the N cover recommendation criteria. The highest values obtained for the variables related to the content and amount of N absorbed were those under application of 200 to 300 kg ha
−1
of N.
Maintenance of germline genomic integrity is critical for the survival of animal species. Consequently, many cellular and molecular processes have evolved to ensure genetic stability during the ...production of gametes. Here, we describe the discovery, characterization, and emerging molecular mechanisms of the protein Asterix/Gametocyte‐specific factor 1 (GTSF1), an essential gametogenesis factor that is conserved from insects to humans. Beyond its broad importance for healthy germline development, Asterix/GTSF1 has more specific functions in the Piwi‐interacting RNA (piRNA)–RNA interference pathway. There, it contributes to the repression of otherwise deleterious transposons, helping to ensure faithful transmission of genetic information to the next generation.
This article is categorized under:
Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > RNAi: Mechanisms of Action
Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA‐Protein Complexes
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein‐RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
Asterix/GTSF1
Proverbs are found in the most varied means of communication. In relation to their use in comic books, they show a creative use that can only take place in certain circumstances: the visual ...representation of a literal interpretation of the message they convey. Comic books in general are an excellent medium for this, and the works under examination, the adventures of Asterix the Gaul, is the ideal subject of analysis for a study like the present, thanks to the linguistic inclination that its authors have shown. For this paper, the 38 volumes of the adventures have been surveyed for their use of paremiology with the intention of presenting and analysing cases of the use of paremias that seemed of relevance in connection to the graphic side of comic books. On the following pages, some of the most remarkable cases will be dissected in order to determine how this phenomenon works. Moreover, a cross-linguistic analysis of the use of said proverbs will be carried out, presenting the original version in French and comparing it with five other languages to assess how translators deal with the complicated task of translating idiomatic expressions and how the visual content of comic books determines this practice.
RESUMO A utilização de índices constitui ferramenta prática e importante para o manejo da adubação nitrogenada, na cultura da batata e, ainda, pode prognosticar a produtividade de tubérculos. Assim, ...objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do parcelamento do fertilizante nitrogenado sobre índices de nitrogênio (N) em plantas de batata, bem como estabelecer um modelo para o prognóstico da produtividade de tubérculos. Foram utilizados os cultivares Ágata e Asterix em dois experimentos independentes. Os tratamentos foram: T1 - controle, sem adubação nitrogenada, T2- 50% da dose no plantio + 50% aos 22 dias após a emergência (DAE) e T3 - dose única no plantio. Foi utilizada a ureia como fonte de N e a dose total aplicada foi de 220 kg ha-1 de N. Os índices avaliados foram: clorofila (CHL), flavonóis (FLV), balanço de N (NBI), determinados, com o Dualex e SPAD, na quarta folha completamente desenvolvida, aos 10, 21, 34, 48, 62 e 76 DAE. As doses e o parcelamento do N interferiram nos índices avaliados, sendo que os valores de SPAD, CHL e NBI decresceram com a idade da planta, enquanto houve aumento dos valores de FLV, para ambos os cultivares. O índice CHL é o mais indicado para estimar indiretamente o teor de nitrato na seiva do pecíolo, o teor de N na matéria seca e a quantidade de N acumulada na quarta folha. Tanto o índice SPAD quanto o índice CHL podem prognosticar a produtividade final de tubérculos de batata e foi estabelecido um modelo utilizando esses índices.
The original idea of intersemiotic translation created by Roman Jakobson, which implies the translation of one sign system to another, has been specially associated with book-to-film translation and ...vice-versa, amongst many other possibilities. Within this conception, it has been commonly considered the whole text as well as the fully translated version into another system. However, there is a text type in which several sign systems are constantly interplaying, where the translation into another language or culture would require the consideration of all intersemiotic possibilities so as to “better convey” its meanings to the target readers: we are referring to comics. This work aims to reflect upon the kind of intersemiotic translation that occurs in a comic album that is translated from one language into another, i.e., as understood by Jakobson’s classification as interlingual translation. To develop this idea, some pairs of frames (from French into Brazilian Portuguese) from comic books of the French character Asterix were analysed, seeking to show how the translator handled the comics’ several possible communication modes (words, typography, object images, human expressions and gestures, layouts). From this analysis it was observed that the translator can use one mode (here the multimodality concept is evoked) to translate another, thus surpassing barriers usually established to keep comics images from being altered (due to copyright or any other reasons). In fact, the translator uses different modes of translation, often “retrieving” meanings from other modes—although not always successfully—, but showing great creativity most of the time. Going back to Jakobson’s idea, this work also intends to show that intersemiotic translation is embedded in the other two types of translations suggested by this renowned linguist. Consequently, such classification (intralingual, interlingual, intersemiotic) can be subject to questioning and further development.
The Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway safeguards genomic integrity by silencing transposable elements (transposons) in the germline. While Piwi is the central piRNA factor, others including ...Asterix/Gtsf1 have also been demonstrated to be critical for effective silencing. Here, using enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (eCLIP) with a custom informatic pipeline, we show that Asterix/Gtsf1 specifically binds tRNAs in cellular contexts. We determined the structure of mouse Gtsf1 by NMR spectroscopy and identified the RNA-binding interface on the protein's first zinc finger, which was corroborated by biochemical analysis as well as cryo-EM structures of Gtsf1 in complex with co-purifying tRNA. Consistent with the known dependence of long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons on tRNA primers, we demonstrate that LTR retrotransposons are, in fact, preferentially de-repressed in Asterix mutants. Together, these findings link Asterix/Gtsf1, tRNAs, and LTR retrotransposon silencing and suggest that Asterix exploits tRNA dependence to identify transposon transcripts and promote piRNA silencing.
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•Asterix/Gtsf1 directly binds RNA via its first CHHC zinc finger•tRNAs are highly enriched Gtsf1 binding partners•Cryo-EM structure of Gtsf1 bound to tRNA reveals the complex’s architecture•Asterix knockdown disrupts silencing of tRNA-dependent (LTR) retrotransposons
Retrotransposon silencing by the piRNA pathway is critical for genomic stability in metazoan germlines. Ipsaro et al. characterize the structure and function of Asterix/Gtsf1, a piRNA effector step protein, showing that it directly binds tRNAs. Ultimately, Asterix may exploit the tRNA dependence of LTR retrotransposons to enforce their piRNA-mediated silencing.
Bu çalışmada 2014 yılında vizyona giren Asteriks: Roma Sitesi adlı animasyon filminde geleneksel ve modem toplumun nasıl tasvir edildiǧi ile kapitalizmin etkisiyle geleneksel toplumun modern topluma ...nasıl evrildiǧi sorularına sosyolojik film eleştirisinin imkanlarından yararlanılarak yanıt bulunması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, geleneksel toplumun doǧayla iç içe, nüfusu az ve birbirlerini tanıyan insanlardan oluşan, geçimlik ekonominin ve sabit toplumsal rollerin geçerli olduǧu bir yapı olarak ta svir edildiǧi anlaşılmıştır. Modern toplumun ise kalabalık kentlerde yaşayan, tüketimin belirleyici olduǧu kapitalist ekonomik ilişkilere sahip, toplumsal hareketliliǧin fazla olduǧu ve son derece hızlı yaşanan bir yapı olarak betimlendiǧi görülmüştür. Ayrıca, geleneksel bir toplumun kapitalist ekonomik ilişkilerin geçerli olduǧu kent merkezli modern topluma karşı direnebilmesinin zor olduǧu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
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