This article explores empirical and objective approaches to combinations of non-residential activities in contemporary urban settings. The research measures the mix of uses in compact cities through ...the analysis of an urban fragment of Barcelona with high population density that is strolled around daily by thousands of tourists and intensified by a unique combination of daily services, commercial uses and productive activities. The resulting cartography offers a parametric interpretation at the scale of plots, blocks and streets, and establishes some tools to better understand the spatial relations of urban functional mix and proximity.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The memories of boys and girls who migrate contain past and present experiences of countries of origin and destination, as well as experiences of movement. This paper presents the results of research ...that aims to identify how migrant children’s memories are constructed around experiences of violence and practices of agency. From the perspective of the new social studies of childhood and based on a field study in the city of Barcelona, it shows that in various spaces violence is conditioned by a web of power relations and vectors of differentiation (ethnicity, gender, nationality, age). It concludes that these memories strain the conception of violence against children as an individual, domestic/private problem, and generate meanings that facilitate agency for such childhoods in the present, going beyond vulnerability and subordination.
Resumen Los procesos de innovación, como praxis social, promovidos por políticas gubernamentales, han generado profundos cambios territoriales, económicos y sociales. En este contexto, este artículo ...analiza las políticas implantadas en la ciudad de Barcelona, con el objetivo de proyectarla como centro europeo del conocimiento, la innovación y la cultura, así como sus principales impactos en los ámbitos urbanístico, social y económico, en las dos últimas décadas. Los proyectos elegidos son la institución del Distrito de innovación 22 Barcelona y la realización del Fórum Universal de las Culturas en 2004, de los que se elabora un examen crítico sobre su proceso de creación y realización, y los resultados obtenidos.
Abstract Innovation processes as social praxis, promoted by governmental policies, have generated important territorial, economic and social changes. In this context, this paper analyses the policies implemented in the city of Barcelona with the aim of projecting it as a European center of knowledge, innovation and culture, and their main impacts on the urban, social and economic fields in the last two decades. The chosen projects were the institution of the 22 Barcelona Innovation District and the Universal Forum of Cultures held in 2004. We examined critically their creation and implementation process, as well as the results obtained.
El presente artículo analiza las relaciones euro-mediterráneas en los veinticinco años transcurridos desde el lanzamiento del Proceso de Barcelona en 1995 hasta su última revisión, la Nueva Agenda ...Mediterránea. La política euro-mediterránea se caracteriza por la búsqueda de un modelo apropiado de cooperación que ha pasado por distintas etapas desde la Conferencia de Barcelona sin lograr resultados tangibles. Las sucesivas iniciativas, la Política Europea de Vecindad y la Unión por el Mediterráneo, parten principalmente de acontecimientos internos que exigen actualizar su relación con la región, así como de parámetros de difícil alcance. Tras examinar las distintas políticas, el trabajo aborda si la Nueva Agenda continuará incurriendo en el declive o puede reactivar la visión común de un Mediterráneo estable, seguro y próspero.
•Introduces the Special Issue on Images of PR.•Sets the special issue in the context of the Barcelona International PR Conference.•Identifies characteristics of Conference and Special Issue.•Links ...theory to practice around the theme of images.
Now entering its fourth year, the Barcelona International Public Relations conference has, since it began in 2011, gathered a reputation for inclusiveness, openness, and reflection. In this latest set of articles, the conference's openness is visible in the very variety of the papers. This special issue confirms inclusiveness in augmenting contributions from the 2013 participants with articles from non-attendees. The Public Relations Review call for images of public relations drew some surprising submissions so, in the open spirit of the conference, we welcomed them into the refereeing process and they have helped to widen our range. Significantly, this year, although the potentially abstract topic of images of PR did not target applied contributions, most of the articles address practitioner issues – albeit of different kinds and with different levels of engagement. Finally, as the conference has matured, iconoclasm and innovation continue to be the other characteristic ingredients of a Barcelona mix that gives voice to those embracing rather than excluding controversy.
Background/Aims: We investigated changes in recurrence rates and significant recurrence predictors over time after complete cure of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Methods:A total of 1,491 patients ...with first-time diagnosis of Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage A HCC, completely cured by treatment between 2007 and 2016, were recruited from two Korean tertiary institutes.
Results: The mean age of the population (1,144 men and 347 women) was 58.6 years. Of the total population, 914 patients (61.3%) had liver cirrhosis. Nine-hundred and forty-one (63.1%) and 550 (36.9%) patients were treated with surgical resection and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), respectively. One-year cumulative incidences of HCC recurrence were 14.3%, 9.9%, and 5.1% from the time of treatment, 3 years after treatment, and 5 years after treatment, respectively. Upon multivariate analysis, multiple tumors, maximal tumor size ≥3 cm, and high Model for End- Stage Liver Disease scores were independently associated with increased HCC recurrence risk from the time of treatment and 1 and 2 years after curative treatment (all p<0.05, except for maximal tumor size ≥3 cm for recurrence 2 years after treatment). Meanwhile, liver cirrhosis and RFA were independently associated with the increased HCC recurrence risk for almost all time points (liver cirrhosis: all p<0.05; RFA: all p<0.005 except for recurrence from 5 years after treatment).
Conclusions: The recurrence rate of HCC after curative treatment gradually decreased over time. Two years after treatment, when tumor-related factors lose their prognostic implications, may be used as a cutoff to define the boundary between early and late recurrence of HCC. (Gut Liver 2021;15:420-429)
Background/Aims: We investigated changes in recurrence rates and significant recurrence predictors over time after complete cure of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Methods: A total of 1,491 patients ...with first-time diagnosis of Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage A HCC, completely cured by treatment between 2007 and 2016, were recruited from two Korean tertiary institutes.
Results: The mean age of the population (1,144 men and 347 women) was 58.6 years. Of the total population, 914 patients (61.3%) had liver cirrhosis. Nine-hundred and forty-one (63.1%) and 550 (36.9%) patients were treated with surgical resection and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), respectively. One-year cumulative incidences of HCC recurrence were 14.3%, 9.9%, and 5.1% from the time of treatment, 3 years after treatment, and 5 years after treatment, respectively. Upon multivariate analysis, multiple tumors, maximal tumor size ≥3 cm, and high Model for End- Stage Liver Disease scores were independently associated with increased HCC recurrence risk from the time of treatment and 1 and 2 years after curative treatment (all p<0.05, except for maximal tumor size ≥3 cm for recurrence 2 years after treatment). Meanwhile, liver cirrhosis and RFA were independently associated with the increased HCC recurrence risk for almost all time points (liver cirrhosis: all p<0.05; RFA: all p<0.005 except for recurrence from 5 years after treatment).
Conclusions: The recurrence rate of HCC after curative treatment gradually decreased over time. Two years after treatment, when tumor-related factors lose their prognostic implications, may be used as a cutoff to define the boundary between early and late recurrence of HCC. (Gut Liver 2021;15:420-429)
BACKGROUND: Dozens of studies link acute exposure to paniculate matter (PM) air pollution with premature mortality and morbidity, but questions remain about which species and sources in the vast PM ...mixture are responsible for the observed health effects. Although a few studies exist on the effects of species and sources in U. S. cities, European cities— which have a higher proportion of diesel engines and denser urban populations— have not been well characterized. Information on the effects of specific sources could aid in targeting pollution control and in articulating the biological mechanisms of PM. OBJECTIVES: Our study examined the effects of various PM sources on daily mortality for 2003 through 2007 in Barcelona, a densely populated city in the northeast corner of Spain. METHODS: Source apportionment for PM ≤ 2.5 urn and ≤ 10 um in aerodynamic diameter (PM₂.₄ and PM₁₀ ) using positive matrix factorization identified eight different factors. Case-crossover regression analysis was used to estimate the effects of each factor. RESULTS: Several sources of PM₂0₄, including vehicle exhaust, fuel oil combustion, secondary nitrate/organics, minerals, secondary sulfate/organics, and road dust, had statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Also, in some cases relative risks for a respective interquartile range increase in concentration were higher for specific sources than for total PM₂0₄ mass. CONCLUSIONS: These results along with those from our multisource models suggest that traffic, sulfate from shipping and long-range transport, and construction dust are important contributors to the adverse health effects linked to PM.
Multiple hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) staging systems have been proposed and used clinically over time. These may consider clinical, pathological, radiological, or treatment response factors, ...depending on the model. Given the heterogeneity of HCC treatment in its different stages and the validation of the systems in different populations, they are not universal. Likewise, the improvement in diagnostic tools, as well as novel therapeutic alternatives, have made these models more complex. Despite this, some have been modified over time in line with advances in the field, and although there is no universally accepted one, each has its usefulness, strengths, and weaknesses.
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