Bilateral relations among Indonesia and India is entering new chapter. Where Indonesia is sustaining foreign tourist in this couple years and India is in the phase of increasing economic growth also ...has probability as a potential market. The argument in this study is how Indonesia utilizes this phenomenon as a basis for further strengthening their tourism sector in the presidency of Joko Widodo which makes the tourism sector the main source of foreign exchange earnings by attracting Indian people to visit Indonesia through cultural diplomacy cooperation. Therefore, this study uses a qualitative methodology to look deeper into how this cultural diplomacy works.
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between South Korea (hereafter referred to as Korea) and India in 1973, their bilateral relationship has made significant progress. This year marks the ...50th anniversary of their diplomatic partnership, which calls for a scholarly examination of the developments in Korea-India relations over the last five decades, and their future prospects. This special issue’s introductory paper provides a concise overview of the evolution of Korea–India relationships and introduces the other papers in the issue, emphasizing their significance in understanding the trajectory of the relationships. The primary goal of this introductory paper is to make two contributions: First, it aims to enrich the existing literature on India–Korea relations; and second, it provides key insights for policymakers to strengthen India–Korea ties in a new global order.
The Russian military invasion of Ukraine surprisingly impacted the world's geopolitical situation. The conflict that started at the end of February is ongoing, potentially disrupting economic and ...trade performance in the global sector, including Indonesia. The battle has the opportunity to increase some food commodity prices, thus hampering the total imports carried out. In addition, other leading commodities (non-oil and gas) such as gold, oil, and coal will also experience significant turmoil due to the conflict that has continued to heat up recently. The study provides an overview of the systemic impact on Indonesia's economic conditions by predicting the short-term possibilities. This study investigates the Russia-Ukraine conflict's initial estimate of the net import value of the two countries and other trading partners. This study uses independent variables, namely oil and gas commodities and gold prices over eleven years (2000-2021). Error Correction Model (ECM) is an analytical method used in this study. This research expects to give an overview to academia, business, industry, and the government in anticipating Indonesia's economic and trade performance to the crisis in Russia and Ukraine. Thus, it is hoped that this research can be used as an illustration of the government to make decisions in allocating import values amid the polemic between Russia and Ukraine so that trade values can be optimal.
Trade relations between Brazil and the United States are old and date back to Brazil's independence. The United States has always been an important trade partner, however, its weight in the Brazilian ...trade baskethas been reduced in parallel with the intensification of international fragmentation of production and the growing emphasis of Brazil's partnership with China. The aim of the article is to present a comparative analysis of the insertion of Brazil and the United States in international trade and thetrade relationship between them in the recent period (2005-2016). Statistical analysis using COMTRADE data provides that the main Brazilian export products to the United States have a higher degree of technological sophistication than the standard for theworld. The results also point to a greater concentration on exports than on imports from Brazil and a trend towards growth in the degree of their concentration. Brazil has a much greater specialization in products with low technological intensity, but a greater presence of products with more technological intensity in exports to the United States, which reveals the importance of their relationshipin the recent period.
The early modern consul was an important economic and diplomatic institution. By the end of the eighteenth century, the number of consuls had increased drastically. However, previous research has ...failed to appreciate how bilateral relations between states could have a significant impact on how one state’s consular service expanded. Appointments could get rejected or take a long time to secure, not least because the sender state wanted to avoid provoking tensions with the receiving state. In this article, the author explores these themes through the appointment of Swedish consuls in Spain in the eighteenth century. The article shows that the Spanish reticence to accept Swedish appointments had a severe effect on the Swedish consular service in Spain in terms of the speed and scope of its expansion. The Swedish diplomatic corps played a key role in trying to sway the Spanish authorities, and when that failed they circumvented the Spanish state’s rejections of consular appointments by authorizing agents. These agents must also be treated as part of the expansion of the early modern consular service. Their existence begs the question of what a consul really was and if we have underestimated the number of consuls in the eighteenth century.
Foreign policy conduct of a State, executed by its leaders, broadly reflects various patterns of its experiences, beliefs and policies. Domestic factors coupled with systemic pressures play an ...important role in shaping states’ behavior. In addition to various domestic and external factors, leadership and its ideological association play an important role in a country’s foreign policy formulation and conduct. Nevertheless, the belief system, politico-religious identity of the statesman is reflected through his foreign policy conduct. With Modi in power, Hindu nationalism has been on the rise wherein Hindu nationalists feel permitted to undermine religious minorities (Muslims) in India, Kashmiris in Indian Illegally Occupied Kashmir (IIOK) and neighbors including Pakistan. Thus, the rise of Hindu nationalism has not just challenged the secular identity of India but has also affected India’s interaction both at the domestic and international levels. BJP’s policies and actions during Modi’s tenure have undeniably eroded India’s secular identity. Modi, having a politico-religious ideology of Hindutva, has adopted a policy of belligerence towards Muslims and Pakistan. Since India’s politico-religious party – Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) – under the leadership of Modi has come to power, India’s relationship with Pakistan has been at its lowest ebb. The objective of the study is to understand the role of Hindu nationalism on Indian foreign policy behavior towards Pakistan.
This article examines why Mexico been unable to develop and sustain a closer bilateral relationship with China. We argue that three sets of interconnected historical and relational factors help ...explain Mexico’s inability to deepens its ties with China: a social relationship marked by distrust, stigmatization, and discrimination toward the Chinese; the persistent perception of China as an economic threat; and, the weight of the United States that makes the bilateral relationship in effect triangular. These elements form a three-part historical narrative that has operated against a sustained and stronger partnership between these two countries.
The relationship between Algeria and Russia is stronger than at any other time in history. While this may be true in most regards, the historical narratives help to decipher how the Algerian-Russian ...relationship has evolved to its current state. The problems of modern relations between Algeria and Russia are revealed. The relevance of the topic is linked to the fact that relations between the two countries have undergone a qualitative change in recent years, as military ties have expanded to include economic relations and investment cooperation, leading to a new dynamic in bilateral relations. With growing interdependence, the two countries are also paying attention to the policies of major powers, especially Western powers, and the traditional bilateral strategic cooperation is deepening to address new geostrategic challenges, which will largely determine their future direction. Under these circumstances, it is important to analyze the emerging geopolitical dynamics and determine its impact on the strategic aspects of the bilateral relations. This article aims to highlight the main developments in these relations and to emphasize their evolution in the era of geopolitical tensions. Methodologically, the study is based on political realism. The main sources of the analysis are materials of think tanks, speeches of official officials and others. The study shows what underlies the current cooperation between Algeria and Russia and how geopolitical dynamics affect it. Both countries see each other as important security partners in certain regions, such as North Africa and the Sahel, and as partners in more ambitious projects of a political and strategic nature.
While the United States' Indo-Pacific strategy has garnered a lot of attention, much less analysis has been devoted to China's coalition-building efforts. However, since the ascent of Xi Jinping to ...the presidency, the enlargement of China's 'circle of friends' has become a top priority for Beijing. For Chinese diplomacy, the goal is to convince a maximum number of countries to support China's positions, both individually and collectively at the multilateral level, on various issues of core interest - including Xinjiang, Hong Kong and other human rights-related matters. While China is actively seeking to build coalitions, it has set about doing so pursuing an approach that is quite different from that of the United States. This Chaillot Paper identifies the tactics and strategy used by China to expand its circle of friends. It also assesses the prospects for Beijing's coalition-building endeavour, based on an analysis of its achievements to date, as well as the setbacks it has encountered along the way. The paper also explores the potential impact of Russia's ongoing war against Ukraine - and related sanctions - on coalition-building dynamics in the years ahead.
PDF
