The relations between Tito and Togliatti and their respective parties were conditioned by the omnipresent influence that Communist party of Soviet Union had on both partners. During the period of ...Stalin’s rule, the Italian communist were staunch Stalinists, thus Tito’s split with Stalin and the issue of Trieste were the main obstacles in bilateral relations. Khrushchev’s destalinization process opened new possibilities for inter party re- lations across the Adriatic, which however continued to be conditioned by the strategy of their Soviet comrades. Khrushchev’s lessening of the control over ‘sister’ parties give more space for Italians to learn more about Yugoslav path to communism. Nevertheless, the PCI continued to follow the Moscow line, while PCY looked to create its own based on nonaligned movement and self-management, which continued to be closely watched but not applied by PCI during Togliatti’s time in office.
The article addresses the priorities of US relations with Germany. The victory of Joseph Biden and Democratic Party on the elections of 2020 signified quite radical twist in US foreign policy. The ...election slogan «America is back» which won the White House for the Democratic Party and Congress, means restoration of transatlantic relationship, damaged by the previous administration. Germany has a special place in this process. Elections in Germany in 2021 resulted in a victory of a Social Democratic Party. Decision making in Washington on Relations with Germany are influenced by many factors, including those related to domestic policies and international relations. Domestically there have appeared contradictions between Democratic and Republican parties on a number of priority issues on the bilateral agenda. In particular, the main differences were related to the Nord Stream 2 project. The situation in Afghanistan remains an urgent problem for both sides. It is noteworthy that following the results of the last elections in the United States, the German Caucus again became active in Congress, including both democratic and republican politicians. It is clear that Biden’s administration pursues the developing of economic ties with Germany.
Multi-faceted partnership is developing between Russia and the UAE - in the trade, economic, political, humanitarian spheres, as well as in the field of high technologies. The positions of both ...countries on pressing international problems are close to each other particularly on security issues, fighting against terrorism, and the conflict settlement in the Middle East. There is a tendency for the establishing of the close bilateral relations in strategically important areas. The historical visit of President Putin to the UAE on October 15, 2019 was a clear proof of the development of friendly relations and close interaction between the two countries.
This paper investigates the fluctuations in Indonesian-US bilateral relations during 2014-2021, a period which encapsulated the second term of US president Barrack Obama (2013-2017), that of US ...President Donald Trump (2017-2021), and that of Indonesian president Jokowi Widodo (2014-Present). Two empirical puzzles are addressed: stagnant relations during Jokowi and Obama's terms despite strong expectations to strategically evolve bilateral relations and the lull in ties during Jokowi's and Trump's presidencies despite the convergence of strategic interests in the region. This qualitative discourse analysis assesses the bilateral relations between 2014 and 2021 by employing three foreign policy variables: personalistic, ideational, and structural factors. The article contends that in comprehending the fluctuating ties, all three variables need to be considered, allowing us to determine which factors outweigh others in certain circumstances. This article concludes that despite the personal rapport established between Jokowi and Obama in overcoming bilateral disagreements, the Freedom of Navigation operations continued to be viewed by Jokowi and Indonesian elites as provocative maneuvers. Meanwhile, Trump's election saw a loss of personal rapport between US and Indonesian leaders due to Trump's apparent lack of sensitivity on vexed issues, including that toward the Muslim world, which remained an irritant to the bilateral relations.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Since ceasefire agreements were signed between the Burmese military government and ethnic political groups in the Burma-China borderlands in the early 1990s, violent waves of counterinsurgency ...development have replaced warfare to target politically-suspect, resource-rich, ethnic populated borderlands. The Burmese regime allocates land concessions in ceasefire zones as an explicit postwar military strategy to govern land and populations to produce regulated, legible, militarized territory. Tracing the relationship of military-state formation, land control andsecuritization, and primitive accumulation in the Burma-China borderlands uncovers the forces of what I am calling 'ceasefire capitalism'. This study examines these processes of Burmese military-state building over the past decade in resource-rich ethnic ceasefire zones along the Yunnan, China border. I will illustrate this contemporary and violent military-state formation process with two case studies focusing on northern Burma: logging and redirected timber trade flows, and Chinese rubber plantations as part of China's opium substitution program.
Using a Taylor-series expansion, we solve for a simple reduced-form gravity equation revealing a transparent theoretical relationship among bilateral trade flows, incomes, and trade costs, based upon ...the model in Anderson and van Wincoop Anderson, James E., and van Wincoop, Eric. “Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle.” American Economic Review 93, no. 1 (March 2003): 170–192.. Monte Carlo results support that virtually identical coefficient estimates are obtained easily by estimating the reduced-form gravity equation including theoretically-motivated exogenous multilateral resistance terms. We show our methodology generalizes to many settings and delineate the economic conditions under which our approach works well for computing comparative statics and under which it does not.
India-Israel ties follow an interesting trajectory. From India’s refusal to the partition plan of historic Palestine to carve a separate Jewish state in 1948 to the very close bonds that now define ...bilateral ties, the relationship has come a long way. The recent Hamas-Israel war has put the spotlight on the IndiaIsrael bilateral relationship. India, which while since 1948 had a decidedly pro-Palestinian approach, has also over the decades been cultivating strong and close ties with Israel. These ties have most specifically flourished in defense, but are not restricted to it. Following the October 7, 2023 attacks by Palestinian militant group Hamas on Israel, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, as did many Western leaders, immediately condemned the Hamas attack and later reiterated that the «people of India stand firmly with Israel in this difficult hour.» This pronouncement immediately sparked outraged commentaries, on New Delhi’s approach to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Charges were leveled against Modi for a «muscular» foreign and domestic policy, in a bid to emulate Israel’s tactics in the Palestinian Territories, based on a shared «Islamophobia» of Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the ruling Likud party in Israel. This paper will attempt to unpack India’s evolving relationship with Israel and outline factors driving this relationship and whether these have eroded India’s long-standing position on the Palestinian cause.
Extensive research has established the pivotal role that group-based emotions play in shaping intergroup processes. The underlying implicit assumption in previous work has been that these emotions ...reflect what the rest of the group feels (i.e., collective emotions). However, one can experience an emotion in the name of her or his group, which is inconsistent with what the collective feels. The current research investigated this phenomenon of emotional nonconformity. Particularly, we proposed that when a certain emotional reaction is perceived as appropriate, but the collective is perceived as not experiencing this emotion, people would experience stronger levels of group-based emotion, placing their emotional experience farther away from that of the collective. We provided evidence for this process across 2 different emotions: group-based guilt and group-based anger (Studies 1 and 2) and across different intergroup contexts (Israeli-Palestinian relations in Israel, and Black-White relations in the United States). In Studies 3 and 4, we demonstrate that this process is moderated by the perceived appropriateness of the collective emotional response. Studies 4 and 5 further provided evidence for the mechanisms underlying this effect, pointing to a process of emotional burden (i.e., feeling responsible for carrying the emotion in the name of the group) and of emotional transfer (i.e., transferring negative feelings one has toward the ingroup, toward the event itself). This work brings to light processes that were yet to be studied regarding the relationship between group members, their perception of their group, and the emotional processes that connect them.
•Examines the role of non-economic factors in bilateral tourism.•China and Japan are used as a case study.•Discusses the role of occupation and reconciliation.•Shows that diplomatic disputes can ...interrupt bilateral flows.•Suggests strategies for strengthening government-to-government relations.
Apart from economic factors, issues that may influence, bilateral tourist flows include shared histories, geopolitical factors, diplomatic relations, nationalism and domestic political issues. China and Japan provide an example of a bilateral tourism relationship that has been influenced by a range of factors beyond the usual economic factors of GDP, price and exchange rates. A recent history of invasion, occupation and attempts at reconciliation underlie contemporary diplomatic relations between these nations producing both fascination and mistrust. A detailed understanding of the full range of factors that may affect bilateral relations is necessary to understand bilateral tourism flows. This study identifies the effects of history, nationalism, occupation, socio-cultural factors and geopolitical factors on the flow of tourists between China and Japan.
This paper aims to elaborate Indonesia and Russia bilateral relations, which closer post March 2018, after both countries leaders in Moscow agree accelerating the draft of the new strategic ...partnership agreement. Foreign Ministers Retno Marsudi and Sergey Lavrov signed a Plan of Consultation 2017 to 2019 pursued at bilateral interactions intensification. Kremlin views Jakarta as regional influential power and able to become dominant regional actor in Southeast Asian. This paper revealed, through Russia with ASEAN dialogue partnership, thus, a road map under working framework in strengthening closer relations along with mutual benefits pursued by Jakarta and Moscow also should be implemented and proceed further.
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