Following the inauguration of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, designed by the star architect Frank Gehry, numerous cities have developed star architecture projects that try to emulate the 'Bilbao ...Effect' in the hope of triggering positive impacts for tourism and socio-economic development. However, as many projects do not achieve the set goals, their role as catalysts for urban development is debatable. We argue that the temporal and spatial economic dimension of the effects of star architecture projects - which are hardly discussed in existing literature - is crucial to assess the contribution of such projects for urban regeneration. The Kunsthaus Graz in Austria serves as a case study where we apply and modify the approach of the 'spatial incidence analysis' to assess the socioeconomic and intertemporal effects of a publicly funded, star architecture project. The spatial incidence analysis is closely related to the cost-benefit analysis, but takes into consideration wider aspects of the spatial distribution and intertemporal development of three dimensions of effects: payment flows, goods and services, and utility. We identify the following key findings by applying a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods: the operation of the Kunsthaus Graz provides an inflow of purchasing power for the municipality of Graz; the Kunsthaus Graz has positive, long-term effects in the fields of tourism marketing, civic pride and identification, creative industries and urban regeneration; the effects of the Kunsthaus Graz are spatially concentrated in the municipality of Graz.
Nach der Eröffnung des vom Stararchitekten Frank Gehry entworfenen Guggenheim-Museums Bilbao haben zahlreiche Städte versucht, den 'Bilbao-Effekt' zu wiederholen in der Hoffnung, mit Stararchitekturprojekten eine positive Wirkung auf den Tourismus und die sozioökonomische Entwicklung auszulösen. Viele Projekte erreichten die mit ihnen verbundenen Ziele aber nicht. Ihre Rolle als Katalysator für die Stadtentwicklung wird daher in Frage gestellt. Wir argumentieren, dass die zeitliche und räumlich-ökonomische Dimension der Effekte von Stararchitekturprojekten - die in der Literatur bisher kaum diskutiert wurden - entscheidend ist, um den Beitrag solcher Projekte für die Stadtentwicklung zu beurteilen. Wir zeigen am Beispiel des Kunsthauses Graz in Österreich, wie man die Methode der räumlichen Inzidenzanalyse zur Bewertung der sozioökonomischen und intertemporalen Effekte eines Stararchitekturprojekts, das mit öffentlichen Geldern gefördert wurde, anpassen und nutzen kann. Die räumliche Inzidenzanalyse ist einer Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ähnlich, berücksichtigt jedoch die räumlichen und zeitlichen Verteilungseffekte dreier zusammenhängender Dimensionen: Zahlungsströme, Güter und Dienstleistungen, Nutzen. Durch eine Kombination von quantitativen und qualitativen Analysen gewinnen wir folgende Erkenntnisse: Der Betrieb des Kunsthauses Graz sorgt für einen Kaufkraftzufluss der Gemeinde Graz, es zeigt positive, langfristige Effekte in den Bereichen Tourismusmarketing, Bürgerstolz und -identifikation, Kreativwirtschaft und Stadterneuerung. Zudem konzentrieren sich die Wirkungen des Kunsthauses Graz räumlich auf die Gemeinde Graz.
Acceder a un mayor nivel educativo supone aumentar las posibilidades de inclusión social en una sociedad democrática. Sin embargo, los niveles de instrucción educativa no se distribuyen de un modo ...equitativo en la sociedad ni el territorio. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la distribución espacial de los niveles educativos en un espacio urbano (Bilbao, España), mediante métodos cuantitativos (SIG, análisis clúster). El estudio se realiza a un nivel micro escalar, a partir de los datos provenientes del Instituto Vasco de Estadística sobre la información educativa de las 277 secciones censales de la ciudad. El análisis de los datos encuentra una población educativamente segmentada y desigualmente distribuida en el espacio. Los niveles educativos superiores se segregan en clústeres situados en unas zonas centrales, mientras que los de menor rango se disponen concéntricamente, dispersándose hacia lugares periféricos.
This paper will examine V&A Dundee and the role of the museum in culture-led regeneration of a post-industrial city. It will set the museum in the context of existing cultural institutions in Dundee ...and the significance of the previous work undertaken by institutions in moving towards culture-led regeneration, showing that this has been in progress for over forty years. V&A Dundee is promoted as the centrepiece of the city’s one-billion-pound waterfront regeneration, prompting comparisons to the ‘Bilbao effect’, and subsequent examples. This paper will analyse the main objectives of the museum alongside its perception as a driver of culture-led regeneration, but also illustrating the limitations of culture-led regeneration.
The section of the Bilbao Crystallographic Server (https://www.cryst.ehu.es/) dedicated to subperiodic groups contains crystallographic and Brillouin‐zone databases for the layer groups. The ...crystallographic databases include the generators/general positions (GENPOS), Wyckoff positions (WYCKPOS) and maximal subgroups (MAXSUB). The Brillouin‐zone database (LKVEC) offers k‐vector tables and Brillouin‐zone figures of all 80 layer groups which form the background of the classification of their irreducible representations. The symmetry properties of the wavevectors are described applying the so‐called reciprocal‐space‐group approach and this classification scheme is compared with that of Litvin & Wike (1991), Character Tables and Compatibility Relations of the Eighty Layer Groups and Seventeen Plane Groups. New York: Plenum Press. The specification of independent parameter ranges of k vectors in the representation domains of the Brillouin zones provides a solution to the problems of uniqueness and completeness of layer‐group representations. The Brillouin‐zone figures and k‐vector tables are described in detail and illustrated by several examples.
The set of databases of the Bilbao Crystallographic Server (https://www.cryst.ehu.es/) including crystallographic data on generators, general positions, Wyckoff positions, maximal subgroups and Brillouin‐zone figures and k‐vector tables for all 80 layer groups are discussed in detail and illustrated.
The purpose of this article is to outline the semantic and reflective construction of America and the republican ideal in the Revista del Nuevo Mundo. The concepts «America» and «republic» are ...immersed in a process of ideologization that outlines a «horizon of expectation» that is reflected in a semantics related to freedom, organization, nationality, justice, and sovereignty. This political vocabulary is part of the ideology of Francisco Bilbao, founder of the magazine. Firstly, the Revista del Nuevo Mundo will be approached as a to support ideas, the context in which it appears, the formal characteristics that it presents and an approach to the cultural and intellectual networks around its founder. The second part will address the semantic construction around the concepts «America» and «republic» as a «horizon of expectation» intertwined with the ideas of «union» and «future».
O objetivo deste artigo é delinear a construção semântica e reflexiva da América e do ideal republicano na Revista del Nuevo Mundo. Os conceitos da «América» e da «república» estão imersos num processo de ideologização, que traça um «horizonte de expectativa», expresso numa semântica relacionada com liberdade, organização, nacionalidade, justiça e soberania, um vocabulário político que faz parte da ideologia de Francisco Bilbao, fundador da revista. Inicialmente, serão abordados a Revista del Nuevo Mundo como um suporte material de ideias, o contexto em que aparece, as características formais que apresenta e uma aproximação às redes culturais e intelectuais em torno do seu fundador. A segunda parte tratará da construção semântica em torno dos conceitos de América e República como um «horizonte de expectativa» entrelaçado com a ideia de união e futuro.
El objetivo de este artículo es delinear la construcción semántica y reflexiva de América y del ideal republicano en la Revista del Nuevo Mundo. Los conceptos «América» y «república» están inmersos en un proceso de ideologización que delinea un «horizonte de expectativa» que se plasma en una semántica relacionada con la libertad, la organización, la nacionalidad, la justicia y la soberanía, vocabulario político que forma parte del ideario de Francisco Bilbao, fundador de la revista. En un primer momento se realizará una aproximación a la Revista del Nuevo Mundo como soporte material de ideas, el contexto en el que esta aparece, las características formales que presenta y un acercamiento a las redes culturales e intelectuales alrededor de su fundador. En la segunda parte se abordará la construcción semántica en torno a los conceptos América y república como un «horizonte de expectativa» entrelazado a la idea de unión y porvenir.
Since the inauguration of the Guggenheim-Museum Bilbao in 1997 many studies have examined the impact of star architecture projects. Most of these are individual case studies that focus on single ...effects, treating star architecture projects as monolithic entities. Furthermore, they fail to explain which precise aspects of these projects generate effects, so it remains unclear how they "work". We have applied a conceptual impact model to two case studies - the Culture and Convention Centre in Lucerne (KKL) and the Phaeno Science Centre in Wolfsburg and divided the projects into four outputs: the building, the function, the offerings of star architecture, and the actor-network, to analyse how these outputs generate socio-cultural, touristic and urban regeneration effects. The paper demonstrates that the different outputs of the projects produce a case-specific set of effects. Despite the differences between the two projects, the paper identifies common patterns of how star architecture projects generate effects.
This paper will examine V&A Dundee and the role of the museum in culture-led regeneration of a post-industrial city. It will set the museum in the context of existing cultural institutions in Dundee ...and the significance of the previous work undertaken by institutions in moving towards culture-led regeneration, showing that this has been in progress for over forty years. V&A Dundee is promoted as the centrepiece of the city’s one-billion-pound waterfront regeneration, prompting comparisons to the ‘Bilbao effect’, and subsequent examples. This paper will analyse the main objectives of the museum alongside its perception as a driver of culture-led regeneration, but also illustrating the limitations of culture-led regeneration.
Lynch’s (1960) Theory of Imageability explores how individuals perceive and navigate urban environments, emphasizing the role of paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks. This theory highlights ...the significance of these elements in shaping people’s mental maps and enhancing their understanding and navigation of urban spaces. However, cultural tourism introduces complexities to Lynch’s framework due to its unique motivations, interests, and behaviours. This article investigates the relationship between visitor mobility patterns and urban morphology in the context of two cultural destinations: Bilbao and San Sebastian. The study utilizes Network Analysis of visitors’ GPS data to analyse the dynamics of visitor mobility within these urban environments. This data-driven approach facilitates a comprehensive understanding of how cultural destinations operate within their physical territories. Results reveal that both San Sebastian and Bilbao exhibit a distinct “D-shaped” mobility pattern, characterized by a clear and uncomplicated flow of movement. This finding aligns with Lynch’s theory (1960), emphasizing the importance of simplicity and legibility in shaping visitors’ cognitive maps and mental representations of the urban space. The concentration of cultural landmarks in the Old Town and the challenges of congestion and overtourism are brought to light through the network analysis of GPS data. The accompanying figures visually illustrate how the ease of navigation in these cities significantly contributes to the formation of visitors’ cognitive maps.
The section of the Bilbao Crystallographic Server (http://www.cryst.ehu.es) dedicated to subperiodic groups includes a new tool called LSITESYM for the study of materials with layer and multilayer ...symmetry. This new program, based on the site‐symmetry approach, establishes the symmetry relations between localized and extended crystal states using representations of layer groups. The efficiency and utility of the program LSITESYM is demonstrated by illustrative examples, which include the analysis of phonon symmetry in Aurivillius compounds and in van der Waals layered crystals MoS2 and WS2.
The program LSITESYM of the Bilbao Crystallographic Server (http://www.cryst.ehu.es), which establishes symmetry relations between localized and extended states in crystals with layer symmetry, is presented. The utility of the program is discussed and illustrated with several examples.
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