Esta investigación explora aquellos instantes en donde el parque y los equipamientos para el ocio y la práctica deportiva en la ciudad dan origen a expresiones y prácticas que superan la función ...previa que les determina. A lo largo del texto se estudia un caso particular acontecido en el frontón del barrio de Rekalde, Bilbao, que ilustra la complejidad de la territorialización urbana y sus repercusiones sociales, a menudo acometida desde una concepción del arte como legitimador.
Population trends lean towards urban settings. Its rapid expansion has created inequalities and poverty in urban areas worldwide. This research is part of a series of recent publications on Spanish ...cities (Barcelona and Madrid). The work attempts to evaluate the current situation of urban socio-environmental vulnerability in Bilbao, a city located in the north of Spain. Three spatial scales have been considered: census tract, neighbourhood and district. The 277 census tracts that make up the municipality are analysed through the Relative Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Synthetic Indicator (RSEVuSI). Subsequently, the census tracts identified as vulnerable by the indicator were analysed in depth through a qualitative methodology. Among the main findings, we highlight the spatial distribution patterns of socio-environmental vulnerability in Bilbao. In general, the least vulnerable areas are located near the centre and the Bilbao estuary, while the most vulnerable are located in the peripheral districts (i.e. Otxarkoaga-Txurdinaga and Rekalde). However, some census tracts with high vulnerability values are located in a central district (i.e. Ibaiondo). In fact, one of the main challenges to be addressed is the gentrification of this area, as many authors argue. The qualitative evaluation reveals that, in general, there is an acceptable level of maintenance and cleaning of public spaces and urban furniture. However, with respect to the urban landscape, there are significant differences between the census tracts with the highest and lowest RSEVuSI values. More qualitative research should be done so that planning and renewal actions can be implemented where they are really needed.
Metabarcoding is a time-saving and cost-effective approach that promises to overcome issues associated with traditional plankton taxonomy (i.e. lack of specialized personnel, time-consuming ...methodologies, difficulties in assignment of larval stages, and detection of cryptic species). In this regard, we applied metabarcoding using the18S rDNA V9 region to samples collected throughout 1 yr from the Estuary of Bilbao (Basque Country, Spain) in order to characterize the annual cycle of the eukaryotic plankton community. We found clear patterns of spatial and seasonal environmental variability that drive the distribution and abundance of the plankton assemblage throughout the year, thus confirming results of previous studies using microscopic identification of the planktonic species. Our results also suggest that the low oxygen period during summer in the inner part of the estuary (salinity 30) and the thermal variation from winter to summer are among the main environmental drivers of the plankton community of the Estuary of Bilbao. Finally, we report misidentification of some species (e.g. Cyclopina gracilis, Maristentor dinoferus), which highlights the need for more comprehensive reference sequence databases in order to overcome this limitation of metabarcoding.
MAGNEXT is a new computer program available from the Bilbao Crystallographic Server (http://www.cryst.ehu.es) that provides symmetry‐forced systematic absences or extinction rules of magnetic ...nonpolarized neutron diffraction. For any chosen Shubnikov magnetic space group, the program lists all systematic absences, and it can also be used to obtain the list of the magnetic space groups compatible with a particular set of observed systematic absences. Absences corresponding to specific ordering modes can be derived by introducing effective symmetry operations associated with them. Although systematic extinctions in neutron diffraction do not possess the strong symmetry‐resolving power of those in nonmagnetic crystallography, they can be important for the determination of some magnetic structures. In addition, MAGNEXT provides the symmetry‐adapted form of the magnetic structure factor for different types of diffraction vectors, which can then be used to predict additional extinctions caused by some prevailing orientation of the atomic magnetic moments. This program, together with a database containing comprehensive general information on the symmetry operations and the Wyckoff positions of the 1651 magnetic space groups, is the starting point of a new section in the Bilbao Crystallographic Server devoted to magnetic symmetry and its applications.
The Bilbao Crystallographic Server is a web site with crystallographic programs and databases freely available on‐line (http://www.cryst.ehu.es). The server gives access to general information ...related to crystallographic symmetry groups (generators, general and special positions, maximal subgroups, Brillouin zones etc.). Apart from the simple tools for retrieving the stored data, there are programs for the analysis of group–subgroup relations between space groups (subgroups and supergroups, Wyckoff‐position splitting schemes etc.). There are also software packages studying specific problems of solid‐state physics, structural chemistry and crystallography. This article reports on the programs treating representations of point and space groups. There are tools for the construction of irreducible representations, for the study of the correlations between representations of group–subgroup pairs of space groups and for the decompositions of Kronecker products of representations.
This article pays tribute to Professors Juan Pablo Fusi and Octavio Ruiz-Manjón by taking as its starting point two of their early works: Política obrera en el País Vasco (1880-1923) y El Partido ...Republicano Radical: 1908-1936 respectively. This article draws heavily on both pioneering studies to analyse the incorporation of women into the Socialist Workers’ Party and the Radical Republican Party in early 20th century Bilbao. The article maintains that bringing women into the political arena was an integral part of the contested modernization of the two parties.
En este artículo se analiza el impacto que el Museo Guggenheim Bilbao ha tenido en el sistema del arte local desde su apertura en 1997 hasta el año 2022. Para ello, primeramente, se hace una revisión ...histórica del Plan Estratégico para la Revitalización del Bilbao Metropolitano, del que surgió la creación de esta infraestructura cultural de carácter internacional. Seguidamente, se introduce la naturaleza del ecosistema artístico bilbaíno, para pasar a estudiar cómo ha influenciado dicho museo en este. Por último, se presentan los tres parámetros que han guiado dicho análisis: la presencia de arte vasco en el museo a través de su exposición y adquisición, su influencia en la presencia de galerías y espacios expositivos y por último, la percepción que tiene del museo el sistema del arte local.
Acceder a un mayor nivel educativo supone aumentar las posibilidades de inclusión social en una sociedad democrática. Sin embargo, los niveles de instrucción educativa no se distribuyen de un modo ...equitativo en la sociedad ni el territorio. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la distribución espacial de los niveles educativos en un espacio urbano (Bilbao, España), mediante métodos cuantitativos (SIG, análisis clúster). El estudio se realiza a un nivel micro escalar, a partir de los datos provenientes del Instituto Vasco de Estadística sobre la información educativa de las 277 secciones censales de la ciudad. El análisis de los datos encuentra una población educativamente segmentada y desigualmente distribuida en el espacio. Los niveles educativos superiores se segregan en clústeres situados en unas zonas centrales, mientras que los de menor rango se disponen concéntricamente, dispersándose hacia lugares periféricos.
•Reassessment of shading in outdoor environments for reducing heat-related thermal stress.•Mathematical formulas for obtaining adequate tree-type geometry and position for shade generation in ...pedestrian zones.•Tree transmissivity evaluation in the aim of reducing mean radiant temperature.•Application of shading methodology in Bilbao and validation of results.
The need to reduce heat-related thermal stress calls for a reassessment of shading in outdoor urban spaces with the aim of achieving more habitable and sustainable cities. In this research, a methodology based on mathematical formulas is presented and applied to determine the most appropriate geometric properties and position of the trees to be planted in an urban canyon, based on its E-W solar orientation and the height of the buildings. The methodology relies on shading the largest possible surface area of the pedestrian zones of a canyon through the appropriate autochthonous tree species, but it also requires a thermal-comfort evaluation of tree transmissivity. The case study is validated in Bilbao, where a combination of measurement and modelling techniques (Solweig model) are used to verify suitable guidelines for urban design. The results will be of interest to architects and city planners for decision-making when integrating trees, so that urban thoroughfare development can improve thermal comfort in actual or new canyons. The methodology could be applied to other climatic regions, although some of the parameters used both for the evaluation of the heat-related critical moments and in the formulas should be adapted.
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