Die Kulturanthropologie/Volkskunde hat sich in der Vergangenheit intensiv mit der eigenen Geschichte auseinandergesetzt. Dabei standen primär die Forschungstraditionen und Entwicklungslinien im ...Fokus. Dieser Sammelband schlägt einen anderen Weg ein: Mit qualitativ-empirischen Methoden wird danach gefragt, inwieweit die Geschichte und Geschichten des Fachstandorts über einen Ort der Lehre und Forschung hinausweisen. Auf Grundlage von Interviews und damit verbundenen Ortsbegehungen mit Bonner Studierenden und MitarbeiterInnen der letzten 40 Jahre rücken spezifische Beziehungen von Räumen, Dingen und Menschen in den Blick. Die AutorInnen nehmen dabei emische Perspektiven ein.
Der Band präsentiert die Ergebnisse eines mehrjährigen Lehrforschungsprojekts. Er rückt Erinnerungen an offene und geschlossene Türen in den Blick, fragt nach Aneignungen und Zuschreibungen durch Materialitäten und Ritualisierungen von Universitätsalltag. Narrative zu Persönlichkeiten und Ereignissen werden ebenso wie sinnliches Erleben mikroperspektivisch betrachtet. Es wird herausgearbeitet, welche Rechtfertigungsgeschichten, aber auch Beheimatungen mit dem Fach verbunden werden und wie die Räumlichkeiten mit ihren dazugehörigen Dingen und Erzählungen für die Akteure zu individuellen Erinnerungsorten und prägenden Standorten von Identitätskonstruktionen wurden.
Die Jahrestagung 2023 der Gesellschaft für Medienwissenschaft (GfM) lädt unter dem Titel „Abhängigkeiten“ zur Rekonstruktion, Reflexion und systematischen Kritik medienspezifischer ...Abhängigkeitsverhältnisse ein. Mit dem Thema „Abhängigkeiten“ der Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Medienwissenschaft 2023 adressieren wir unterschiedliche Abhängigkeiten von und in Medien wie in der Medienwissenschaft selbst. Im Rahmen der Rekonstruktion, Reflexion und systematischen Kritik medienspezifischer Abhängigkeitsverhältnisse findet zudem ein Austausch mit dem Exzellenzcluster „Beyond Slavery and Freedom“ der Universität Bonn statt.
The loss of forest is a leading cause of species extinction, and reforestation is 1 of 2 established interventions for reversing this loss. However, the role of reforestation for biodiversity ...conservation remains debated, and lacking is an assessment of the potential contribution that reforestation could make to biodiversity conservation globally. We conducted a spatial analysis of overlap between 1,550 forest‐obligate threatened species’ ranges and land that could be reforested after accounting for socioeconomic and ecological constraints. Reforestation on at least 43% (∼369 million ha) of reforestable area was predicted to potentially benefit threatened vertebrates. This is approximately 15% of the total area where threatened vertebrates occur. The greatest opportunities for conserving threatened vertebrate species are in the tropics, particularly Brazil and Indonesia. Although reforestation is not a substitute for forest conservation, and most of the area containing threatened vertebrates remains forested, our results highlight the need for global conservation strategies to recognize the potentially significant contribution that reforestation could make to biodiversity conservation. If implemented, reforestation of ∼369 million ha would also contribute substantially to climate‐change mitigation, offering a way to achieve multiple sustainability commitments at once. Countries must now work to overcome key barriers (e.g., unclear revenue streams, high transaction costs) to investment in reforestation.
Reforestación Mundial y Conservación de la Biodiversidad
Resumen
La pérdida de los bosques es una de las causas principales de la extinción de especies y la reforestación es una de las dos intervenciones establecidas para revertir esta pérdida. Sin embargo, el papel de la reforestación en la conservación de la biodiversidad todavía se debate, además de que hay una falta de evaluación de la contribución potencial que podría dar la reforestación a la conservación mundial de la biodiversidad. Realizamos un análisis espacial del traslape de la distribución de 1,550 especies obligadas de bosque que se encuentran amenazadas y el suelo que podría utilizarse para reforestar después de considerar las restricciones socioeconómicas y ecológicas. El análisis predijo que la reforestación en al menos el 43% (∼ 369 millones de ha) del área que se puede reforestar beneficiará potencialmente a los vertebrados amenazados. Esto es aproximadamente el 15% del área total en donde están presentes los vertebrados amenazados. Las oportunidades más grandes para conservar a las especies amenazadas de vertebrados se encuentran en los trópicos, particularmente en Brasil y en Indonesia. Aunque la reforestación no es un sustituto para la conservación de los bosques, y aunque la mayoría del área que contiene vertebrados amenazados todavía tiene flora original, nuestros resultados resaltan la necesidad de tener estrategias mundiales de conservación para reconocer la contribución potencialmente significativa que podría dar la reforestación a la conservación de la biodiversidad. Si se implementa, la reforestación de ∼369 millones de ha también contribuiría significativamente a la mitigación del cambio climático, ofreciendo así una manera de cumplir varios compromisos de sustentabilidad a la vez. Los países ahora deben trabajar para sobreponerse a las barreras importantes (p. ej.: flujos inciertos de ingresos, costos elevados de las transacciones) que enfrentan las inversiones para la reforestación.
摘要
森林丧失是物种灭绝的主要原因, 而造林则是已确立的扭转森林丧失的两种干预措施之一。然而, 造林对生物多样性保护的作用仍存在争议, 目前尚缺乏造林对全球生物多样性保护潜在贡献的评估。我们考虑了社会经济和生态制约因素, 对 1550 个森林特有濒危物种的分布范围内可以造林的土地进行了空间重叠分析。据预测, 在至少 43% (约 3.69 亿公顷) 的可造林土地上实施造林, 将有助于受威胁脊椎动物的保护, 大约占受威胁脊椎动物分布总面积的15%。保护濒危脊椎动物的最大机会在热带地区, 特别是巴西和印度尼西亚。虽然再造林不能代替森林保护, 而且受威胁脊椎动物大部分栖息地仍是森林, 但我们的结果强调了认识到造林对生物多样性保护潜在重要贡献的全球保护战略的必要性。如果实施造林计划, 约 3.69 亿公顷的再造林还将大大有助于缓解气候变化, 为同时实现多项可持续承诺提供了途径。各国现在应努力克服投资造林的主要障碍 (如不明确的收入来源、高昂的交易成本) 。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】
Article impact statement: Global policies must recognize the potentially significant contribution reforestation could make to biodiversity conservation.
An increasing number of international initiatives aim to reconcile development with conservation. Crucial to successful implementation of these initiatives is a comprehensive understanding of the ...current ecological condition of landscapes and their spatial distributions. Here, we provide a cumulative measure of human modification of terrestrial lands based on modeling the physical extents of 13 anthropogenic stressors and their estimated impacts using spatially explicit global datasets with a median year of 2016. We quantified the degree of land modification and the amount and spatial configuration of low modified lands (i.e., natural areas relatively free from human alteration) across all ecoregions and biomes. We identified that fewer unmodified lands remain than previously reported and that most of the world is in a state of intermediate modification, with 52% of ecoregions classified as moderately modified. Given that these moderately modified ecoregions fall within critical land use thresholds, we propose that they warrant elevated attention and require proactive spatial planning to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem function before important environmental values are lost.
Several international initiatives aim to balance development with conservation goals, which requires a comprehensive understanding of the current ecological condition of landscapes. We quantified the spatial extent and pattern of human land modification using a cumulative measure of 13 anthropogenic stressors with median year of 2016. We identified that fewer unmodified lands remain than previously reported and that most of the world's ecoregions fall at critical land modification thresholds, thus, warrant timely conservation attention.
•The climate ticket has led to an increase in the attractiveness of public transport.•Users want public transport to be permanently affordable.•The climate ticket has caused a switch from motorized ...private transport to public transport.•The climate ticket was of particular interest to occasional and infrequent travelers.•After the climate ticket was abolished, the original use of public transport was resumed.
The air quality in many German cities does not comply with EU-wide standards. Vehicle emissions, in particular, have been identified as an important cause of air pollution. As a result, driving bans for diesel vehicles with critical pollutant groups have been imposed by courts in many places in recent history. Against the backdrop of the growth of major German cities over the last few years, the question has become whether and how a change in the modal split in favor of more environmentally and climate-friendly public transport sector can be achieved. The Federal City of Bonn is one of five model cities that is testing measures to reduce traffic-related nitrogen dioxide emissions through a Climate Ticket as a mobility flat rate for one year for 365 €, which is part of the two-year "Lead City" project funded by the federal government. A quantitative survey (n = 1,315) of Climate Ticket users as well as the logistic regression carried out confirm that a change in individual mobility behavior in favor of public transport is possible by subsidizing the ticket price. The results show that individual traffic could be saved on the city's main congestion axes. In order to achieve a sustainable improvement in air quality, such a Climate Ticket must be granted on a permanent basis, with a well-designed mobility offer and must be generous in terms of the group of authorized persons and the area of validity.
Restoring forest landscapes is critical in the face of continued global forest loss and degradation. In this article, we explore some challenges underlying the delivery of global commitments to ...restore forest landscapes. We propose that three fundamental questions need to be resolved upfront for the effective implementation of Forest Landscape Restoration and related commitments: (1) What social and ecological landscape objectives are being sought through Forest Landscape Restoration? (2) How are specific areas being selected for restoration? (3) How is success measured when restoring forest landscapes? We believe that there is an urgent need to adequately answer these questions to successfully implement political commitments for large‐scale forest restoration.
El Desafío de Bonn es un compromiso global que se hace eco del ODS15 de la Agenda de Desarrollo Sostenible 2030, al promover específicamente la restauración de paisajes forestales para la protección ...de cuencas hidrográficas, control de la erosión, acción por el clima y mejora de los medios de vida. Dentro de sus indicadores para el seguimiento de los progresos de los países inscritos, se destaca la evaluación de los mecanismos institucionales para la ejecución de iniciativas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el escenario para desarrollar la gestión institucional del bambú en el Ecuador como contribución a este desafío, a través del análisis de la dinámica entre diversos actores y a diversas escalas, dadas las condiciones idóneas para potenciar los servicios ecosistémicos del recurso en este país, en el contexto de su participación. Se realizó un análisis de la información siguiendo un proceso de tipo circular, bajo una metodología de nivel descriptivo-inductiva. Los resultados muestran que la acepción de institucionalidad para la gestión del bambú aún se encuentra en proceso de construcción. Se concluye que se requiere de un marco normativo que posibilite la definición y ejecución de estrategias a nivel nacional y subnacional alineados con los principios de sostenibilidad para un aporte significativo al logro del Desafío de Bonn.
In many countries including India, perennialization of agricultural lands, afforestation and reforestation have often been proposed to address land degradation and mitigate climate change. Among the ...various perennialization options, agroforestry holds a great potential for creating carbon (C) sinks and mitigating emissions from agriculture, while also increasing adaptive capacity. However, information is scanty on the C sink potential of agroforestry in the different climatic and altitudinal zones of India that are suitable for agroforestry. Therefore, the objectives of this analysis were to (1) quantify variations in biomass C and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in the major agroforestry practices along climatic zones and altitudinal gradients, and (2) provide projections of the C sequestration potential in areas that are highly suitable for agroforestry in India. Biomass C stocks were higher in agrosilvopastoral (73.4 Mg C ha-1) than in agrisilvicultural (42.6 Mg C ha−1) and silvopastoral systems (42.7 Mg C ha−1). Similarly, SOC stocks were higher in agrosilvopastoral (53.0 Mg C ha−1) than in agrisilvicultural (44.1 Mg C ha−1) and silvopastoral systems (33.5 Mg C ha−1). Agroforestry systems in humid zones had significantly higher total biomass C stocks (97.9 Mg C ha−1) and SOC stocks (51.8 Mg C ha−1). SOC stocks were significantly higher under agroforestry in medium (51.2 Mg C ha−1) than in high (46.7 Mg C ha−1) and low (32.7 Mg C ha−1) altitudes. Assuming no significant change in area under agrisilvicultural, agrosilvopastoral and silvopastoral systems, the total C sequestered by 2050 was projected to be 4.2, 4.5 and 1.5 Pg CO2 eq, respectively. With an increase in 5% of current area at 5-years intervals, the total CO2 eq sequestered by 2050 was estimated at 5.4 Pg in agrisilvicultural, 5.8 Pg in agrosilvopastoral and 1.9 Pg in silvopastoral systems. It is concluded that expansion of the area under agroforestry by a mere 30% has the potential to offset significant proportions of India’s total emissions by 2050. Therefore, we recommend the inclusion of agroforestry in the Nationally Determined Contribution of India.
•We assess the potential of agroforestry expansion in offsetting India’s GHG emission, considering global issues and approaches.•Agroforestry practices in humid zones had significantly higher total biomass C stocks (97.9 Mg C ha−1).•The annual rate of increase in total agricultural emission was estimated at 0.015 Pg yr−1 CO2 eq in India.•The expansion of the area under agroforestry by a mere 30% has the potential to offset India’s GHG emissions by 2050.
