Brassicaceae is one of the most diverse and economically valuable angiosperm families with widely cultivated vegetable crops and scientifically important model plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana. ...The evolutionary history, ecological, morphological, and genetic diversity, and abundant resources and knowledge of Brassicaceae make it an excellent model family for evolutionary studies. Recent phylogenetic analyses of the family revealed three major lineages (I, II, and III), but relationships among and within these lineages remain largely unclear. Here, we present a highly supported phylogeny with six major clades using nuclear markers from newly sequenced transcriptomes of 32 Brassicaceae species and large data sets from additional taxa for a total of 55 species spanning 29 out of 51 tribes. Clade A consisting of Lineage I and Macropodium nivale is sister to combined Clade B (with Lineage II and others) and a new Clade C. The ABC clade is sister to Clade D with species previously weakly associated with Lineage II and Clade E (Lineage III) is sister to the ABCD clade. Clade F (the tribe Aethionemeae) is sister to the remainder of the entire family. Molecular clock estimation reveals an early radiation of major clades near or shortly after the Eocene-Oligocene boundary and subsequent nested divergences of several tribes of the previously polytomous Expanded Lineage II. Reconstruction of ancestral morphological states during the Brassicaceae evolution indicates prevalent parallel (convergent) evolution of several traits over deep times across the entire family. These results form a foundation for future evolutionary analyses of structures and functions across Brassicaceae.
This review summarizes and discusses the current knowledge on (1) phytochemicals of brassicaceous plants important for plant protection and human health, (2) factors that influence the content of ...these compounds, (3) plant protection strategies that exploit secondary metabolites of Brassicaceae to minimize crop damage.
Display omitted
► We reviewed phytochemicals of Brassicaceae in plant protection and human health. ► We summarize the biotic and abiotic factors influencing Brassicaceae phytochemicals. ► Multi-factorial approaches that simulate effects on phytochemicals are promising. ► Plant protection strategies exploiting phytochemicals of Brassicaceae are promising.
In this review, we provide an overview of the role of glucosinolates and other phytochemical compounds present in the Brassicaceae in relation to plant protection and human health. Current knowledge of the factors that influence phytochemical content and profile in the Brassicaceae is also summarized and multi-factorial approaches are briefly discussed. Variation in agronomic conditions (plant species, cultivar, developmental stage, plant organ, plant competition, fertilization, pH), season, climatic factors, water availability, light (intensity, quality, duration) and CO
2 are known to significantly affect content and profile of phytochemicals. Phytochemicals such as the glucosinolates and leaf surface waxes play an important role in interactions with pests and pathogens. Factors that affect production of phytochemicals are important when designing plant protection strategies that exploit these compounds to minimize crop damage caused by plant pests and pathogens. Brassicaceous plants are consumed increasingly for possible health benefits, for example, glucosinolate-derived effects on degenerative diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, factors influencing phytochemical content and profile in the production of brassicaceous plants are worth considering both for plant and human health. Even though it is known that factors that influence phytochemical content and profile may interact, studies of plant compounds were, until recently, restricted by methods allowing only a reductionistic approach. It is now possible to design multi-factorial experiments that simulate their combined effects. This will provide important information to ecologists, plant breeders and agronomists.
The Brassicaceae(Cruciferae) is an important family of plants that include many economically important industrial oilseed, spice, vegetable and fodder crop species. The aim of this study was to ...identify the plant species with in the taxa of Brassicaceae family in the Thrace Region Flora of Turkey. In this research, wild species from Brassicaceae family were collected from 20 different locations during 6-7 May 2013. The aggregation days were clear and sunny weather, temperatures ranged between 17.2degreesC to 21.5degreesC. The altitude values of observed locations varied from 6 -518 m with variable soil features. Online I keys prepared by the AL-Shehbaz were used for identification of each taxa.Original Abstract: Brassicaceae(Cruciferae), ekonomik acidan onemi olan, endustriyel yagli tohumlar, baharat bitkileri, sebzeler ve bazi yem bitkilerini bulunduran onemli bir familyadir. Bu calismanin amaci, Trakya Bolgesi dogal florasinda bulunan,Brassicaceae familyasina ait yabani turleri belirlemektir. Bu calismada, Brassicaceae familyasinda yer alan yabani turler, Trakya Bolgesi'nde bulunan 20 farkli lokasyondan, 6-7 mayis 2013 tarihlerinde, 17,2degreesC ile 21,5degreesC arasinda degisen sicakliklarda toplanmistir. Toprak ozellikleri birbirlerinden farkli olan lokasyonlarin, deniz seviyesindenyukseklikleri 6 m ile 518 m arasinda degismistir. AL-Shehbaz tarafindan hazirlanan online anahtarlari kullanilarak taksonlar belirlenmistir.
In this investigation, the macromorphological, micromorphological, anatomical and palynological properties of some Aethionema species (Ae. arabicum, Ae. cordatum, Ae. armenum and Ae. karamanicum) ...which belong to Brassicaceae family were exhibited. In macromorphological studies, the heights of stem, the length of leaf and flower and fruit dimensions of species have been given and their descriptions are expanded. In micromorphological investigations we determined that the fruit ornamentation of studied species is scabrous in Ae. arabicum, verrucose in Ae. cordatum, papillate in Ae. karamanicum, smooth in Ae. armenum. Also the micromorphological seed characteristics of species have determined that are essential for species differentiation. In anatomical studies, the structural characteristics of cross sections of root, stem and leaf of species have shown taxonomical significance. All examined species have reticulate pollen ornamentation but their murus are different each other in point of their palynological features.Original Abstract: Bu calismada, Brassicaceae familyasinda yer alan Aethionema cinsine ait (Ae. arabicum, Ae. cordatum, Ae. armenum ve Ae. karamanicum) bazi taksonlarin makromorfolojik, mikromorfolojik, anatomik ve palinolojik ozellikleri ortaya konulmustur. Makromorfolojik calismalarda turlerin; govde boyu, yaprak uzunluklari ile cicek ve meyve gibi yapilarina ait olcumleri verilmis ve deskripsiyonlari genisletilmistir. Mikromorfolojik arastirmalarda ise arastirilan turlerin meyve ornamentasyonlarinin Ae. arabicum'da skabroz, Ae. cordatum'da verrukoz, Ae. karamanicum'da papillali, Ae. armenum'da duz oldugu belirlenmistir. Ayrica turlerin tohum mikromorfolojik karakterlerinin, turlerin ayriminda onemli bir ozellik oldugu tespit edilmistir. Anatomik calismalarda, kok, govde ve yaprak enine kesitlerinin yapisal ozellikleri taksonomik onem gostermistir. Palinolojik ozellikleri acisindan arastirilan turlerin tamaminda polen ornamentasyonu retikulattir fakat muruslari birbirlerinden farklidir.
Environmental variation often induces shifts in functional traits, yet we know little about whether plasticity will reduce extinction risks under climate change. As climate change proceeds, ...phenotypic plasticity could enable species with limited dispersal capacity to persist in situ, and migrating populations of other species to establish in new sites at higher elevations or latitudes. Alternatively, climate change could induce maladaptive plasticity, reducing fitness, and potentially stalling adaptation and migration. Here, we quantified plasticity in life history, foliar morphology, and ecophysiology in Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae), a perennial forb native to the Rocky Mountains. In this region, warming winters are reducing snowpack and warming springs are advancing the timing of snow melt. We hypothesized that traits that were historically advantageous in hot and dry, low‐elevation locations will be favored at higher elevation sites due to climate change. To test this hypothesis, we quantified trait variation in natural populations across an elevational gradient. We then estimated plasticity and genetic variation in common gardens at two elevations. Finally, we tested whether climatic manipulations induce plasticity, with the prediction that plants exposed to early snow removal would resemble individuals from lower elevation populations. In natural populations, foliar morphology and ecophysiology varied with elevation in the predicted directions. In the common gardens, trait plasticity was generally concordant with phenotypic clines from the natural populations. Experimental snow removal advanced flowering phenology by 7 days, which is similar in magnitude to flowering time shifts over 2–3 decades of climate change. Therefore, snow manipulations in this system can be used to predict eco‐evolutionary responses to global change. Snow removal also altered foliar morphology, but in unexpected ways. Extensive plasticity could buffer against immediate fitness declines due to changing climates.
The Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) is one of the largest Angiosperm families, comprising approximately 340 genera and more than 3350 species, distributed throughout the world, chiefly in temperate regions ...of the Northern Hemisphere. According to the gridding system used for the flora of Turkey in May 2013 from Bornmuellera cappadocica B9 square corresponding to Van Gurpinar area, and in June 2014 Physocardamum davisii B9 square corresponding to the Agri Tutak area. The collected specimens were pressed at the field using the herbarium rules, the locations and the population observations were carefully recorded, and macro and general photographs that would reflect the natural form of the plants in the best possible way were taken. The pollen characteristics of the species were studied in preparations that followed the Non-asetholize Method (Wodehouse Method) for light microscopy (LM) studies. Measurement for the Polar axis (P) equatorial ax is (E), colpi length, apocolpium, mesocolpium, exine thickness and intine thickness were made for each sample by light microscope. The pollen and seed morphologies were studied for the first time using a Scanning Electron Microscope and a Light Microscope. The pollen in the SEM made-ups as a result of exine surface and surface ornamentation on the measurements by light microscopy morphometric measurements of the seeds LM and SEM microphotographs taken, the size was measured and surface ornamentation will be identified.Original Abstract: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) basta Kuzey Yarimkure'de iliman bolgelerinde olmak uzere dunya capinda yayilan yaklasik 340 cins ve 3350 den fazla turun olusturdugu, en buyuk kapali tohumlu ailelerin biridir. Turkiye Florasi'nda kullanilan kareleme sistemine gore Mayis 2013'de Bornmuellera cappadocica turu B9 karesinde bulunan Van ili Gurpinar ilcesinden, Haziran 2014'de Physocardamum davisii turu B9 karesinde bulunan Agri Tutak ilcesinden toplanmistir. Toplanan ornekler arazide herbaryum kurallarina uygun olarak preslenmis, lokalite bilgileri ve populasyon gozlemleri dikkatlice kayit altina alinmis ve bitkilerin dogal halini en iyi sekilde yansitabilecek makro ve genel fotograflar cekilmistir. Turlerin polen ozellikleri isik mikroskobu (IM) calismalari icin Asetoliz olmayan (Wodehouse Metodu) Yontemi kullanildi. Isik mikoskobu ile herbir ornegin Polar eksen (P), ekvatoryal eksen (E), kolpus uzunlugu, apokolpium, mezokolpium, ekzin kalinligi ve intin kalinligi olculdu. Polen ve tohum morfolojileri Tarama Elektron Mikroskop ve Isik Mikroskobu kullanilarak ilk kez calisildi. Polenlerin SEM'de yapilan cekimler sonucunda ekzin yuzeyi ve yuzeyindeki suslemeler uzerinde olcumler, Isik mikroskobu ile morfometrik olcumleri tohumlarin IM ve SEM mikrofotografileri cekilmis, boyutlari olculmus ve yuzey suslemeleri tespit edildi.
The study of natural variations in photosynthesis in the Brassicaceae family offers the possibility of identifying mechanisms to enhance photosynthetic efficiency in crop plants. Indeed, this family, ...and particularly its tribe Brassiceae, has been shown to harbor species that have a higher-than-expected photosynthetic efficiency, possibly as a result of a complex evolutionary history. Over the past two decades, methods have been developed to measure photosynthetic efficiency based on chlorophyll fluorescence. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements are performed with special cameras, such as the FluorCams, which can be included in robotic systems to create high-throughput phenotyping platforms. While these platforms have so far demonstrated high efficiency in measuring small model species like Arabidopsis thaliana, they have the drawback of limited adaptability to accommodate different plant sizes. As a result, the range of species that can be analyzed is restricted. This chapter presents our approach to analyze the photosynthetic parameters: ϕPSII and Fv/Fm for a panel of Brassicaceae species, including a high-photosynthesis species, Hirschfeldia incana, and the adaptations to the phenotyping platform that are required to accommodate this varied group of plants.
In this study, Purpureae A.Duran and Oe.Cetin sect. nov. is described under the genus Fibigia Medik. The taxa of the genus were revised under the sections Fibigia and Purpureae. Fibigia clypeata (L.) ...Medik was classified as F. clypeata (L.) Medik subsp. clypeata and subsp. anatolica A.Duran & Tustas subsp. nov., and Fibigia eriocarpa (DC.) Boiss. was rearranged as F. clypeata (L.) Medik subsp. clypeata var. eriocarpa in Turkish Flora. The infrageneric and subgeneric keys were revised. Seed and pollen surface ornamentations were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pollens examined have tricolpate aperture type and reticulate surface ornamentation. Seed surface ornamentation was reticulate. The taxa of the genus Fibigia have a diploid chromosome number of 2n=16. Karyotype analyses of the taxa were carried out for the first time. It was found that each taxon differed in chromosome morphology.
Several biotic elicitors have been used in Brassicaceae species to enhance their phytochemical quality. However, there is no comparison between elicitors under controlled growth conditions. In order ...to draw general conclusions about the use of elicitors to enrich ready-to-eat sprouts in health-promoting glucosinolates, the aim of this study was to unveil the effect of the phytohormones methyl jasmonate (25 μM), jasmonic acid (150 μM), and salicylic acid (100 μM), the oligosaccharides glucose (277 mM) and sucrose (146 mM), and the amino acid dl-methionine (5 mM) as elicitors over 8-day sprouting Brassica oleraceae (broccoli), Brassica napus (rutabaga cabbage), Brassica rapa (turnip), and Raphanus sativus (China rose radish and red radish), representative species high in glucosinolates previously studied. Results indicated that the phytohormones methyl jasmonate and jasmonic acid and the sugars acted as effective elicitors, increasing the total glucosinolate contents of the sprouts, particularly, glucoraphanin (from 183 to 294 mg·100 g–1 in MeJA-treated broccoli sprouts), glucoraphenin (from 33 to 124 mg·100 g–1 and from 167 to 227 mg·100 g–1 in MeJA-treated China rose radish and red radish, respectively), and glucobrassicin (from 23.4 to 91.0 mg·100 g–1 and from 29.6 to 186 mg·100 g–1 in MeJA-treated turnip and rutabaga sprouts, respectively).
Brassicales species rich in glucosinolates are used for biofumigation, a process based on releasing enzymatically toxic isothiocyanates into the soil. These hydrolysis products are volatile and often ...reactive compounds. Moreover, glucosinolates can be degraded also without the presence of the hydrolytic enzyme myrosinase which might contribute to bioactive effects. Thus, in the present study the stability of Brassicaceae plant-derived and pure glucosinolates hydrolysis products was studied using three different soils (model biofumigation). In addition, the degradation of pure 2-propenyl glucosinolate was investigated with special regard to the formation of volatile breakdown products. Finally, the influence of pure glucosinolate degradation on the bacterial community composition was evaluated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA gene amplified from total community DNA. The model biofumigation study revealed that the structure of the hydrolysis products had a significant impact on their stability in the soil but not the soil type. Following the degradation of pure 2-propenyl glucosinolate in the soils, the nitrile as well as the isothiocyanate can be the main degradation products, depending on the soil type. Furthermore, the degradation was shown to be both chemically as well as biologically mediated as autoclaving reduced degradation. The nitrile was the major product of the chemical degradation and its formation increased with iron content of the soil. Additionally, the bacterial community composition was significantly affected by adding pure 2-propenyl glucosinolate, the effect being more pronounced than in treatments with myrosinase added to the glucosinolate. Therefore, glucosinolates can have a greater effect on soil bacterial community composition than their hydrolysis products.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF
