To estimate the cancer incidences and mortalities in China in 2010.
On basis of the evaluation procedures and data quality criteria described in the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR), data from ...219 cancer registries were evaluated. Data from 145 registries were identified as qualified and then accepted for the 2010 cancer registry report. The incidences and mortalities of major cancers and the overall incidence and mortality were stratified by residency (urban or rural), areas (eastern, middle, and western), gender, and age. The cancer cases and deaths were estimated based on age-specific rate and national population in 2010. The China 2010 Population Census data and Segi's world population data were used for calculating the age-standardized cancer incidence/mortality rates.
Data were obtained from a total of 145 cancer registries (63 in urban areas and 82 in rural areas) covering 158,403,248 people (92,433,739 in urban areas and 65,969,509 in rural areas). The percentage of morphologically verified cases (MV%) were 67.11%; 2.99% of incident cases were identified through proportion of death certification only (DCO%), with the mortality to incidence ratio of (M/I) 0.61. The estimates of new cancer cases and cancer deaths were 3,093,039 and 1,956,622 in 2010, respectively. The crude incidence was 235.23/10(5) (268.65/10(5) in males and 200.21/10(5) in females), the age-standardized rates by Chinese standard population (ASR China) and by world standard population (ASR world) were 184.58/10(5) and 181.49/10(5), and the cumulative incidence rate (0-74 age years old) was 21.11%. The cancer incidence and ASR China were 256.41/10(5) and 187.53/10(5) in urban areas and 213.71/10(5) and 181.10/10(5) in rural areas. The crude cancer mortality in China was 148.81/10(5) (186.37/10(5) in males and 109.42/10(5) in females), the age-standardized mortalities by Chinese standard population and by world standard population were 113.92/10(5) and 112.86/10(5), and the cumulative mortality rate (0-74 age years old) was 12.78%. The cancer mortality and ASR China were 156.14/10(5) and 109.21/10(5) in urban areas 141.35/10(5) and 119.00/10(5) in rural areas, respectively. Lung cancer, female breast cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, and cervical cancer were the most common cancers. Lung cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer were the leading causes of cancer deaths.
The coverage of cancer registration has rapidly increased in China in recent years and may reflect more accurate cancer burdens among populations living in different areas. As the basis of cancer control program, cancer registration plays an irreplaceable role in cancer surveillance, intervention evaluation, and policy-making. Given the increasing cancer burden in the past decades, China should strengthen its cancer prevention and control.
Long-term trends in neuroblastoma incidence and survival in unscreened populations are unknown. We explored trends in incidence, stage at diagnosis, treatment and survival of neuroblastoma in the ...Netherlands from 1990 to 2014.
The Netherlands Cancer Registry provided data on all patients aged <18 years diagnosed with a neuroblastoma. Trends in incidence and stage were evaluated by calculating the average annual percentage change (AAPC). Univariate and multivariable survival analyses were performed for stage 4 disease to test whether changes in treatment are associated with survival.
Of the 593 newly diagnosed neuroblastoma cases, 45% was <18 months of age at diagnosis and 52% had stage 4 disease. The age-standardized incidence rate for stage 4 disease increased at all ages from 3.2 to 5.3 per million children per year (AAPC + 2.9%, p < .01). This increase was solely for patients ≥18 months old (3.0–5.4; AAPC +3.3%, p = .01). Five-year OS of all patients increased from 44 ± 5% to 61 ± 4% from 1990 to 2014 (p < .01) and from 19 ± 6% to 44 ± 6% (p < .01) for patients with stage 4 disease. Multivariable analysis revealed that high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell rescue and anti-GD2-based immunotherapy were associated with this survival increase (HR 0.46, p < .01 and HR 0.37, p < .01, respectively).
Incidence of stage 4 neuroblastoma increased exclusively in patients aged ≥18 months since 1990, whereas the incidence of other stages remained stable. The 5-year OS of stage 4 patients improved, mostly due to the introduction of high-dose chemotherapy followed by stem cell rescue and immunotherapy.
•The incidence of stage 4 neuroblastoma increased 2.9% per year between 1990 and 2014.•Five-year overall survival of stage 4 patients improved from 19 ± 6% to 44 ± 6%.•High-dose chemotherapy and immunotherapy contributed most to the improved survival.
Background: The childhood cancer registry in Iran is a hospital-based system and there is not any unique and national registry system for pediatric malignancies in Iran. According to the limitations ...and requirements, this study was designed to clarify the aspect of childhood malignancies in Iran and promote establishing the Iranian national childhood cancer registry system.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional longitudinal study was implied on 1500 patients younger than 20-years old diagnosed with any malignancy and admitted at MAHAK Pediatric Cancer Treatment and Research Center (MPCTRC) from 2007 to 2014. Data collection was based on a validated questionnaire with three categories including demographic data, clinical data and type of malignancy, and outcomes. Collected data were analyzed using methods for qualitative and quantitative variables (P-Value < 0.05) by SPSS software version 22. The survival rate was calculated by the Kaplan-Meyer method.
Results: This study was implied on 1500 children with a mean age of 6.1 years old. The most common malignancy was acute leukemia (30.7%) followed by central nervous system tumors (27%). At the onset of starting treatment, the rate of conferring with relapse, metastasis, and secondary malignancies was 29%, 19.5%, and 1% respectively. In addition, 52 patients had bone marrow transplantation of whom, 14 cases died. Totally, 42% of patients died and the 3-years, 5-years, and 10-years overall survival rates were 67.7% ± 0.01, 60.3% ± 0.01, and 53.8% ± 0.01, respectively.
Conclusion: Establishing a population-based pediatric cancer registry in Iran is necessary and will be useful for improving the survival rate of mentioned patients.
Since 2020, the Catania-Messina-Enna Cancer Registry (CR) has operated a transformational and incremental program while also applying a Lean Six Sigma methodology (LSS) to optimize the processes and ...reduce waste. Each project aimed to raise the performance of the CR while also providing the opportunity for human resources to express their talent. In this context, a machine learning project was developed to reduce the time spent on raw free-text histopathological reports that contain relevant information for cancer evaluation. The ability to extract meaningful information from histopathology reports is really important because reports provide crucial insights into the morphology and topography of cancer, enabling operators to validate oncology cases with the utmost diagnostic precision. However, the CR faced a significant challenge due to the extensive volume of written natural language reports, where only a small fraction contains pertinent information for cancer evaluation. In this paper, we describe how we applied the LSS method, the observed difficulties, and the benefits achieved by adopting a machine learning algorithm as a strategic solution in the Improve phase.
Abstract
In Kenya, cancer is the third leading cause of death. The African Inland Church Kijabe Hospital (AICKH) is a level 4 missionary hospital. The hospital serves the Kenyan population in many ...areas, including cancer care, and some of these services were affected during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We aimed to leverage a recently established hospital-based cancer registry of patients treated at AICKH between 2014 and 2020 to describe the cancer cases and patient referral patterns seen at AICKH during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. A cross-sectional retrospective survey was conducted through medical records abstraction in the surgery, breast clinic, palliative care and pathology departments. A total of 3279 cases were included in the study, with females accounting for 58.1% of the cases. The top-three cancers overall were breast (23.0%), oesophagus (20.5%) and prostate (8.6%). There was a minimal increase in the number of cancer cases in 2020 (1.7%) compared with 2019, with an increase of 19.3% in 2019 compared with 2018. In conclusion, AICKH is one of the few hospitals in Kenya where a large number of cancer patients seek healthcare, and referral of cancer cases changed in 2020, which may be due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Future efforts can leverage this registry to determine the impacts of cancer diagnosis and treatment on survival outcomes.
Introduction
Establishing and maintaining a cancer registry in a tertiary high volume centre is fraught with difficulty, inaccuracy and missed data entry. Further, the raw unstructured data must be ...converted into a structured digital data, so that scientists can identify trends in cancer diagnoses and treatment responses.
Objective
We test the feasibility of establishing a cancer registry of Head and Neck malignancy patients through a research oriented artificial intelligence (AI) enabled data collection platform, using its smartphone application version.
Materials and Methods
This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education And Research, Chandigarh in collaboration with Departments of Radiotherapy and Community Medicine. After taking due clearance from the Institute ethical committee, HNC patients, who were biopsy proven, were enrolled from October 2019 up to March 2021. The obtained data was entered, followed up and analysed through Jiyyo Research application which is a commercially available dedicated research oriented AI enabled data collection platform.
Results
The Jiyyo Research site was browsed and after proper registration, the patient data was entered into a proforma/questionnaire. The entered patient details were browsed for review, follow up and addition of new information. The whole process of data capture for each patient, took approximately 5-8 min, while any updates or review for the same patient required less than a minute. Search and data retrieval was very quick, and can be done in 1-2 min. Through this platform, a total of
1214
HNC patients were collected, followed and analysed during the study period.
Conclusion
It was feasible to establish a Head and Neck Cancer Registry using an AI based smartphone app. This AI based tumor registry could benefit in further studies with longer follow up of 5 and 10 years and in future AI studies.
A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and ...within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016.
Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0–100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita.
In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8–98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9–97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5–97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1–24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3–23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2–26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1–93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4–53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6–68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3–38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries.
GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view—and subsequent provision—of quality health care for all populations.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Objective To decrease cancer mortality by implementing cancer screening programs, rigorous quality control measures that utilize standardized indicators are imperative. In Japan, although each ...municipality performing cancer screening programs implements quality control for their programs using the checklist authorized by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, compliance with all the items listed is not possible because calculating sensitivity and specificity using cancer registry data is difficult under these circumstances. This report elucidates the methodology for calculating indicators, including sensitivity and specificity, by delineating the parameters of false-negative cases within population-based cancer screening programs in Japan. Furthermore, the inherent challenges associated with ensuring the quality control of cancer screening procedures are expounded upon in this report.Method Data from the Prefectural Cancer Registry of Japan and cancer screening records compiled by municipalities were used to differentiate true-positive, true-negative, false-positive, and false-negative cases based on the combination of screening test outcomes and subsequent cancer incidence.Results A false-negative case was defined as an examinee who received a cancer diagnosis within one year after undergoing the screening test, notwithstanding the negative judgment of the cancer screening decision. The duration for judgment of true-positive, true-negative, and false-negative cases was also extended to one year. Cancer identification after cancer screening was ascertained using data from the Prefectural Cancer Registry, ensuring uniform categorization of the four cases. Subsequently, sensitivity and specificity values were calculated for municipalities conducting cancer screening programs.Conclusion Sensitivity and specificity are indispensable metrics for the inherent quality control of cancer screening because these parameters directly assess the efficacy of screening tests. The anticipated increase in the number of municipalities engaged in comprehensive quality control of cancer screening in Japan is poised to enhance the efficiency of cancer control policies. This augmentation will be accomplished through the meticulous utilization of the sensitivity and specificity values elucidated in the present report. The forthcoming challenges involve the proliferation of medical institutes reporting their adherence to the checklist stipulated by the National Cancer Center of Japan and the widespread dissemination of fundamental knowledge pertaining to cancer screening.
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