Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs Bergström, Anders; Frantz, Laurent; Schmidt, Ryan ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
10/2020, Letnik:
370, Številka:
6516
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Dogs were the first domestic animal, but little is known about their population history and to what extent it was linked to humans. We sequenced 27 ancient dog genomes and found that all dogs share a ...common ancestry distinct from present-day wolves, with limited gene flow from wolves since domestication but substantial dog-to-wolf gene flow. By 11,000 years ago, at least five major ancestry lineages had diversified, demonstrating a deep genetic history of dogs during the Paleolithic. Coanalysis with human genomes reveals aspects of dog population history that mirror humans, including Levant-related ancestry in Africa and early agricultural Europe. Other aspects differ, including the impacts of steppe pastoralist expansions in West and East Eurasia and a near-complete turnover of Neolithic European dog ancestry.
Cambios electrolíticos en perros con gastroenteritis infecciosa Guaman-Simba, Dorys Daniela; Castillo-Hidalgo, Edy Paul; Armas-Ariza, Juan Carlos
Revista científica (Universidad del Zulia. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. División de Investigación),
6/2022, Letnik:
XXXII, Številka:
single
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación fue establecer el perfil electrolítico: Na (micromol·litros-1) µMol·L-1, K (µMol·L-1), Cl (µMol·L-1), en perros con gastroenteritis viral y ...parasitaria, para lo cual se analizaron 30 pacientes (n=30) de todas las edades y sin diferencia de sexo, procedentes del albergue municipal de Ambato, Ecuador, los cuales presentaron síntomas gastrointestinales, a estos pacientes se levantó la Historia Clínica detallada, posterior a ello se tomaron 2 mililitros (mL) de sangre por punción de la vena yugular, para análisis de electrolitos, las muestras de sangre obtenidas fueron procesadas en un equipo DRI-CHEM NX500i, año 2016, de marca Fujifilm; de fabricación japonesa; de igual forma se realizó el Test Kit de Canine Parvovirus (SensPERT) y se recolectaron muestras de heces para examen coprológico. Los valores de K en diarreas producidas por parásitos se mostraron superiores frente a las diarreas producidas por parvovirus, mostrándose una diferencia significativa (P<0,0002), en el análisis de varianza (ANAVA); entre los microorganismos causantes de la diarrea, los que mostraron mayor prevalencia fueron Toxocara canis y Parvovirus canino tipo 2 (CPV-2).
Abstract
The grey wolf (
Canis lupus
) was the first species to give rise to a domestic population, and they remained widespread throughout the last Ice Age when many other large mammal species went ...extinct. Little is known, however, about the history and possible extinction of past wolf populations or when and where the wolf progenitors of the present-day dog lineage (
Canis familiaris
) lived
1–8
. Here we analysed 72 ancient wolf genomes spanning the last 100,000 years from Europe, Siberia and North America. We found that wolf populations were highly connected throughout the Late Pleistocene, with levels of differentiation an order of magnitude lower than they are today. This population connectivity allowed us to detect natural selection across the time series, including rapid fixation of mutations in the gene
IFT88
40,000–30,000 years ago. We show that dogs are overall more closely related to ancient wolves from eastern Eurasia than to those from western Eurasia, suggesting a domestication process in the east. However, we also found that dogs in the Near East and Africa derive up to half of their ancestry from a distinct population related to modern southwest Eurasian wolves, reflecting either an independent domestication process or admixture from local wolves. None of the analysed ancient wolf genomes is a direct match for either of these dog ancestries, meaning that the exact progenitor populations remain to be located.
Purebred dog breeds provide a powerful resource for the discovery of genetic variants affecting skeletal morphology. Domesticated and subsequently purebred dogs have undergone strong artificial ...selection for a broad range of skeletal variation, which include both the size and shapes of their bones. While the phenotypic variation between breeds is high, within-breed morphological variation is typically low. Approaches for defining genetic variants associated with canine morphology include quantitative within-breed analyses, as well as across-breed analyses, using breed standards as proxies for individual measurements. The ability to identify variants across the genomes of individual dogs can now be paired with precise measures of morphological variation to define the genetic interactions and the phenotypic effect of variants on skeletal morphology.
Extreme differentiation in skeletal morphology characterizes purebred dog breeds. This has allowed the utilization of breed-average measurements or breed characteristics as phenotypes in subsequent genetic analyses.Across-breed association analysis has positively identified a relatively small number of loci (<20) for stereotypical dog breed body size.In outbred populations and within breeds there appear to be additional body size variants.In the face of high levels of inbreeding and very specific breed criteria for body size, less than 50% of the body size loci are fixed within breeds.Whole-genome sequence-based association approaches with millions of variants and modest numbers of animals facilitate the identification of new loci and the causative variants underlying canine skeletal morphology.
The geographic and temporal origins of the domestic dog remain controversial, as genetic data suggest a domestication process in East Asia beginning 15,000 years ago, whereas the oldest doglike ...fossils are found in Europe and Siberia and date to >30,000 years ago. We analyzed the mitochondrial genomes of 18 prehistoric canids from Eurasia and the New World, along with a comprehensive panel of modern dogs and wolves. The mitochondrial genomes of all modern dogs are phylogenetically most closely related to either ancient or modern canids of Europe. Molecular dating suggests an onset of domestication there 18,800 to 32,100 years ago. These findings imply that domestic dogs are the culmination of a process that initiated with European hunter-gatherers and the canids with whom they interacted.
The present work was a review developed with the objective of carrying out an evaluation of the literature with the main hemoparasitoses that affect animals, highlighting the main methods of ...laboratory diagnosis of the same. Hemoparasites are endemic diseases in the country and important throughout the Brazilian territory, presenting unique health to the veterinary clinic. They refer to parasitic diseases by pathogenic microorganisms that are altered by hematophagous arthropods, which constitute the main vector are ticks and morbidity in animals in the world, the main vectors are ticks and morbidity in dogs in the world. Among the main hemoparaitoses, we can mention Erliqui Canina, Canine Thrombocytotropic Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis and Patozoonosis, which are identified by the genera Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Babesia and Hepazoon, respectively. The diagnosis of hemoparasitic infections is working agents, since the different clinical manifestations are similar. Furthermore, animals can be or be contaminated with more than one agent simultaneously or sequentially, especially in regions where these diseases are endemic. There are several diagnostic methods available, however, none alone is sufficient to reach a final diagnosis. In the phase of anomaly of the common characteristics between this group of diseases, and the different phases and clinical manifestations of the same, knowledge about the behavior of pathogens and the specificity and clinical sensitivity, as well as the identification of the disease evolution of the disease are fundamental for the realization of the appropriate choice of the being requested, as well as of the people, and establishment of a more accurate diagnosis.
O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de realizar uma revisão de literatura com as principais hemoparasitoses que acometem cães, destacando a avaliação dos principais métodos de diagnóstico laboratoriais das mesmas. As hemoparasitoses são doenças endêmicas no país e encontradas em todo território brasileiro, apresentando notável importância para a clínica médica veterinária e saúde única. Referem-se a enfermidades causadas por microrganismos patogênicos que parasitam as células sanguíneas, sendo transmitidas por artrópodes hematófagos, na qual o principal vetor são carrapatos da espécie Rhipicephalus sanguineus, constituindo-se como uma das principais causa de mortalidade e morbidade em cães no mundo. Dentre as principais hemoparasitoses, pode-se citar a Erliquiose Monocítica Canina, a Anaplasmose Trombocitotrópica Canina, a Babesiose e Hepatozoonose, que são causados pelos agentes dos gêneros Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Babesia e Hepazoon, respectivamente. O diagnóstico das infecções hemoparasitárias é desafiador, uma vez que os diferentes agentes podem provocar manifestações clínicas semelhantes. E ainda, os animais podem estar ou serem contaminados com mais de um agente simultaneamente ou sequencialmente, principalmente em regiões onde essas doenças são endêmicas. Vários são os métodos de diagnóstico disponíveis, no entanto, nenhum, isoladamente, é suficiente para chegar a um diagnóstico final. Em decorrência das características comuns entre esse grupo de enfermidades, e as diferentes fases e manifestações clínicas da mesma, o conhecimento sobre o comportamento dos patógenos e a especificidade e sensibilidade de cada exame, assim como a identificação da fase de evolução clínica da doença são fundamentais para a realização da escolha adequada do exame a ser solicitado, bem como da combinação deles, e estabelecimento de um diagnóstico mais preciso.
ELABORAR ALIMENTO PARA CAN (Canis lupus familiaris) López, María Emelia Zamora; Moreno, Heraclio Victoria; Díaz, Lydia María Pérez ...
Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental,
01/2018, Letnik:
34
Journal Article
Recenzirano
En la mayoría de los hogares se tiene un sobrante de los alimentos que se preparan diariamente, para el consumo de la familia, este alimento puede ser dirigido al consumo de las mascotas; que se ...tienen en casa generalmente Canis lupus familiaris (perros), Sin embargo cuando la cantidad de sobrantes alimenticios es abundante el o los animales no alcanzan a consumir todo en un solo día, entonces, los residuos son depositados en contenedores y enviados a la basura. Tomando en cuenta lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue generar una croqueta que pudiera conservarse durante un mayor tiempo sin perder su valor nutricional y que para los animales fuera agradable. Para aprovechar los alimentos con un periodo más largo de vida se procede a juntarlos en un contenedor conservarlos en refrigeración. Una semana más tarde se muelen en licuadora se sazonan dejándolos en el fuego hasta dejarlos casi a sequedad posteriormente se transforman en galletas se meten al horno por 15 minutos y se tienen listos para usarse. Los resultados en las pruebas de laboratorio indicadas para alimentos como grasas (22%) y aceites, humedad (25%) y Nitrógeno proteico (18%), estos se encuentran en el alimento transformado Y están dentro del rango establecido en tablas para alimentos cocidos favoreciéndose el trabajo que se ha realizado, (Jiménez,201). En conclusión, los animales comen con agrado las galletas elaboradas, los análisis hechos al alimento indican estar dentro de la norma establecida por los organismos internacionales. Al hacer este alimento para los perros a partir de los desechos de comida de las casas, se está generando un ahorro económico para las familias, y de igual forma proporcionando un alimento balanceado, al mismo tiempo nutritivo para nuestras mascotas.
Summary
The domestic dog serves as an excellent model to investigate the genetic basis of disease. More than 400 heritable traits analogous to human diseases have been described in dogs. To further ...canine medical genetics research, we established the Dog Biomedical Variant Database Consortium (DBVDC) and present a comprehensive list of functionally annotated genome variants that were identified with whole genome sequencing of 582 dogs from 126 breeds and eight wolves. The genomes used in the study have a minimum coverage of 10× and an average coverage of ~24×. In total, we identified 23 133 692 single‐nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 10 048 038 short indels, including 93% undescribed variants. On average, each individual dog genome carried ∼4.1 million single‐nucleotide and ~1.4 million short‐indel variants with respect to the reference genome assembly. About 2% of the variants were located in coding regions of annotated genes and loci. Variant effect classification showed 247 141 SNVs and 99 562 short indels having moderate or high impact on 11 267 protein‐coding genes. On average, each genome contained heterozygous loss‐of‐function variants in 30 potentially embryonic lethal genes and 97 genes associated with developmental disorders. More than 50 inherited disorders and traits have been unravelled using the DBVDC variant catalogue, enabling genetic testing for breeding and diagnostics. This resource of annotated variants and their corresponding genotype frequencies constitutes a highly useful tool for the identification of potential variants causative for rare inherited disorders in dogs.
Environmental enrichment techniques include olfactory stimuli for improving animal welfare. This study aimed to analyze the reactions of 41 shelter dogs exposed to odorous stimuli, such as the method ...used in another study on wild canids. The focal animal method analyzed the dogs’ reactions, with all behaviors recorded. Behavioral responses were classified as positive (P+), negative (N-), or other (Ot). Independent variables were all dogs and the size of the packs. The behavior between the basal (without stimulus), exposure, and after-stimulus withdrawal was analyzed. For all dogs, olfactory stimuli significantly increased P+ (P=0.001) and N- (P=0.004), contrasting with the decrement of Ot behaviors (P=0.001) from the basal to the exposure phase. After the withdrawal of the stimuli, P+, N-, and Ot behaviors returned to basal levels (P>0.05). There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the conduct of small or large packs exposed to stimuli. Dogs are sensitive to olfactory stimuli, but arousal is generalized to P+ and N-. It is undesirable to an N- increase for improvement of animal welfare. Contrary to what was observed in a study with wild canids, the method failed in shelter dogs because N- was increased. The introduction of sudden novelty (olfactory stimulus) in an impoverished shelter environment may have caused excitement in the dogs. It is suggested that changes in the method, such as stimuli exposition to each dog in an isolated room, are necessary to increase sheltered dog well-being.
Environmental enrichment techniques include olfactory stimuli for improving animal welfare. This study aimed to analyze the reactions of 41 shelter dogs exposed to odorous stimuli, such as the method ...used in another study on wild canids. The focal animal method analyzed the dogs’ reactions, with all behaviors recorded. Behavioral responses were classified as positive (P+), negative (N-), or other (Ot). Independent variables were all dogs and the size of the packs. The behavior between the basal (without stimulus), exposure, and after-stimulus withdrawal was analyzed. For all dogs, olfactory stimuli significantly increased P+ (P=0.001) and N- (P=0.004), contrasting with the decrement of Ot behaviors (P=0.001) from the basal to the exposure phase. After the withdrawal of the stimuli, P+, N-, and Ot behaviors returned to basal levels (P>0.05). There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the conduct of small or large packs exposed to stimuli. Dogs are sensitive to olfactory stimuli, but arousal is generalized to P+ and N-. It is undesirable to an N- increase for improvement of animal welfare. Contrary to what was observed in a study with wild canids, the method failed in shelter dogs because N- was increased. The introduction of sudden novelty (olfactory stimulus) in an impoverished shelter environment may have caused excitement in the dogs. It is suggested that changes in the method, such as stimuli exposition to each dog in an isolated room, are necessary to increase sheltered dog well-being.
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