The author presents the current state of knowledge on the development of the Carniolan Estates and Diets before the first decades of the 16th century, i.e. during the time when the estates ...corporation began to take shape and gain actual political power. In the intro-duction, the author goes back to the early beginnings of the Estates and briefly discusses the conditions and circumstances that gave rise to their formation, as well as tackles some of the terminology issues involved. The core of the article provides an analysis of the structure of the four estates (prelates, lords, knights and squires, towns), their num-ber and their power. The author singles out the diets as the fundamental and the most important form of the Estates’ operation and briefly describes the provincial diet proce-dures and the subjects discussed at such sessions. The land of Carniola was characterised by its division to the sphere of the territorial prince and the sphere of the Estates, which had a profound effect on the period of transition from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern Era. The author also discusses the issue of the legal position of the Estates and their relation to the territorial prince, and, as conclusion, draws the reader’s attention to the remarkable work of Sergij Vilfan and the significance of his research in the topics discussed.
Deželni glavar je kot namestnik deželnega kneza predstavljal vrh deželnoknežje upravne ureditve. Na Kranjskem zametki urada segajo v prvo polovico 13. stoletja, a je stalen postal šele od srede ...dvajsetih let 14. stoletja. Deželni glavarji so izhajali iz vrst uglednega plemstva in so morali v vladarjevem imenu izpolnjevati raznovrstne naloge. Srednjeveške urade so poosebljali njihovi nosilci, zato jih je treba preučevati na osnovi prozopografskih študij. Glede na to, da so dosedanje raziskave za Kranjsko prinesle netočne in nepopolne rezultate, je namen prispevka na podlagi virov odpraviti napake in predstaviti historiat deželnega glavarstva, deželne glavarje ter njihove pravice, naloge in pristojnosti.
V poznem srednjem veku se je na Kranjskem vzpostavilo več železarskih središč, v katerih so se na podlagi privilegijev in rudarskih redov izoblikovale železarske skupnosti. Njihovi nosilci so bili ...železarski mojstri – tehnični specialisti in posestniki železarskih obratov. Med seboj so volili rudarskega sodnika, ki je bil glavni predstavnik skupnosti ter nosilec njene sodne in upravne avtonomije. Del skupnosti so bili tudi podrejeni delavci v obratih in rudnikih ter pomožni delavci – oglarji, drvarji in tovorniki. Pripadniki teh skupnosti so uživali osebno svobodo, od obratov in preostalih pravic ter posesti so morali plačevati dajatve, v primeru vojaške nevarnosti pa sodelovati pri obrambi gospostva.
Evropski nacionalni muzeji, ustanovljeni po letu 1750, so imeli poleg kulturne tudi narodotvorno in celo državotvorno vlogo. Po ustanovitvi je opremljanje muzejev z zbirkami povsod postalo znak ...prestiža. Z zbirkami so jih opremili bolj, pa tudi manj premožni, ki so razumeli, da mora tak muzej v svojih zbirkah imeti najdragocenejše umetnine in artefakte. Vloga muzejev in njihovih zbirk ni bila samo v prikazovanju najboljšega s področja umetnosti, znanja in narave, ampak je bila tesno povezana z idejo naroda in narodovo zgodovino. Večina avstrijskih muzejev (z izjemo cesarskih zbirk) je bila ustanovljena kot regionalnih, vendar se v nekaterih ustanovitvenih aktih pojavlja tudi termin nacionalni oziroma narodni.
Tak primer je Deželni muzej za Kranjsko, sedanji Narodni muzej Slovenije, ki bo leta 2021 praznoval 200-letnico. To se kaže tudi v pismu Jožefa Kamila Schmidburga, guvernerja in predsednika deželnih stanov, v katerem navaja načrt zbiranja gradiva za muzej: »Naš domovinski muzej naj bi zajel prvenstveno vse s področja nacionalnega slovstva (National-Literatur) in narodne ustvarjalnosti (National-Produktion). Prav tako naj združi vse, kar je v domovini ustvarila narava ali človeška pridnost. Shrani naj vse spomine na usodo dežele in na zasluge njenih prebivalcev.« Zbiralna politika muzeja je takrat odražala status muzeja. Precej se je spremenila po razpadu Avstro-Ogrske, ko muzej ni bil več edini muzej na ozemlju sedanje Slovenije, še bolj pa v sodobnosti, ko so slovenski nacionalni muzeji izgubili narodotvorno in državotvorno vlogo.
The article examines the institutionalization of modern bourgeois musical culture in Carniola and Lower Styria during the nineteenth century. This era was characterized by the decline of the old ...aristocracy and the rise of new social classes, including the wealthy bourgeoisie and the lower nobility (ennobled bourgeoisie), collectively referred to as the »Second Society« (Zweite Gesellschaft). Using various examples, this article traces the development of modern bourgeois musical culture from the private sphere to the »semi-public« and finally to the public sphere. It examines the founding of musical societies and their funding, the increased access to musical education and concert life, the transition from amateurism to professionalism in musical practice, and the increasing participation of women in cultural and musical life throughout the nineteenth century in Carniola and Lower Styria.
The pre-Enlightenment scholars from the Land of Carniola explored the region, its past, sociality and nature in order to give it praise. They aimed to produce knowledge based on rational reasoning in ...accordance with the emerging modern scientific episteme. They encountered mythical discourse which they attempted to overcome, yet, as the author of this article argues, they also drew from mythical discourse. Through case studies the author shows how ancient myths played a role in consolidating identity and building community. She argues that pre-Enlightenment scholars built collective memory in reference to the mythological establishment of the city of Ljubljana.
The strongest earthquake in the history of the city hit Ljubljana, which was the center of the Austrian province of Carniola (Kranjska), in 1895. It destroyed many buildings and caused severe damage ...to the residents. This catastrophe is considered an important milestone in the history of Ljubljana. Having passed it, Ljubljana turned from a rather backward provincial town into a rapidly developing modern city, which establishing itself as the national and cultural center of the Slovenes. It was possible to cope with the consequences of the earthquake only with the help of the combined efforts of the government of Austria-Hungary, provincial and city authorities, various public organizations and individuals as well as wide international support rendered to the residents of Ljubljana. Of importance is the question what mechanisms of assistance to the city were involved in order to achieve not only the restoration of Ljubljana but also its radical transformation and subsequent prosperity in the future. The article discusses a number of aspects of this problem, which make it possible to characterize the significance of that event in the life of the city: the perception of the catastrophe by its residents, the priority measures taken to eliminate its consequences, the fundraiser in support of Ljubljana as well as the subsequent activities of the Municipal Council of the city, which largely determined the ways of its further development. Based on interdisciplinary research by Slovenian scientists, materials from the Slovenian press published in Ljubljana, the Historical Archive of Ljubljana, and eyewitness accounts, the author seeks to recreate a fairly complete picture of the life of the city during the disaster and in the first months after it.
Domestic service has become a subject of many legislative interventions, nevertheless domestic work still remains elusive from state policy. At first, domestic workers have been frequently singled ...out from enjoying rights and protective legislation. However, even if domestic workers were given formal recognition of rights, regulations generally arrived later than for many other workers and didn't influence on real empowerment of domestic workers. This durable question of their "problematic position" regarding rights and entitlements can be found in "sectoral disadvantage" which is the direct consequence of the past historical categorization, where legal situation of domestic workers is rooted.
Centring on non-nobles in the Duchies of Styria, Carniola and Carinthia, this paper addresses dispute settlement in Inner Austria, following the Imperial prohibition of feud in 1495 and the ...Habsburgs' local consolidation of power earlier in the century. These developments are said to have brought about an end to feuding in the duchies in the 1500s, but by focusing on the concept of enmity, which articulated the same state of social relations, this article presents ample evidence that among all social classes dispute settlement retained much of the traditional practices well into the 1700s. Their survival was instrumentally underpinned by various courts of law and local authorities, regarding them as an indispensable element of keeping social cohesion and peace.
The article focuses on duelling in the Habsburg hereditary lands, with an emphasis on Styria. It presents around fifteen cases of duels that have been fought or provoked, from 1643 to 1750. In the ...Habsburg hereditary lands and in the Holy Roman Empire in general, duelling flourished during and after the Thirty Years' War, and thrived between 1660 and 1730. Anti-duelling decrees prescribed fines and sometimes imprisonment, and the death penalty in homicide cases. Duels continued despite strict bans (also) because sanctions were generally not enforced, and if the 'criminal' was brought to court, he was almost always pardoned by the Emperor. In practice, the death penalty for duellists was an extraordinary event, since even trials were exceptional, including cases when duels resulted in deaths.
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