Objetivo. Comparar el rendimiento de dos híbridos de chile habanero en sistema semihidropónico en bolsas de cultivo rellenos de fibra y polvillo de coco. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se ...estableció con un diseño completo al azar y se realizó de noviembre 2021 a junio de 2022 en el Trapiche, Colima, México. Se emplearon bolsas de crecimiento con fibra (70.0%) y polvillo de coco (30.0%) y solución Steiner modificada para la nutrición, el factor de estudio fueron los dos híbridos (Chichén Itzá y Megalodón), las variables de respuesta fueron: altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, índice de relativo de clorofila (IC), calidad de fruto (largo, ancho y peso) y rendimiento (frutos/planta, kg/planta y t/ha). Los datos se analizaron con una comparación de media de t-Student (P=0.05). Resultados. Chichén Itzá presentó mayor altura que Megalodón, el diámetro de tallo fue igual para los híbridos, Megalodón presentó mayor IC a los 52 (228.13) y 87 (344.33) días después del trasplante (ddt) y fue significativamente diferente (P<0.05) a Chichén Itzá en largo (3.08 mm), ancho (4.14 mm) y peso de fruto (1.41 g); pero ambos híbridos presentaron el mismo rendimiento con promedios de 485.36 frutos/planta, 2.80 kg/planta y 62.75 t/ha. Conclusión. Chichén Itzá presentó mayor altura que Megalodón, pero ambos híbridos presentaron el mismo rendimiento con 62.75 t/ha en el sistema semihidropónico en bolsas de crecimiento con fibra y polvillo de coco.
In 1935, the sculpture of the Red Jaguar throne was discovered in the upper part of the sub-structure of Kukulkan's pyramid (Chichén Itzá, Mexico). However, the origins of the raw materials that ...compose the diverse decorative elements had not been clearly defined. Due to its historical importance, the sculpture could not be transferred, altered or sampled for classical laboratory analysis. In that regard, the application of non-destructive analyses was fundamental; in this particular case, we used a portable X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique. This process allowed us to identify the chemical elements present in the Red Jaguar Throne and their origins, without altering the sculpture's original condition. The red pigment that covers the sculpture surface consisted of a combination of hematite and cinnabar, the 77 incrustations of green stones turned out to be jadeite minerals and its four fangs were manufactured from a marine gastropod (Lobatus costatus) from the malacological province of the Caribbean. The results have enlightened us on the symbolic meaning of the sculpture within the Mayan culture and have provided a better understanding of the large commercial networks present in the pre-Hispanic Mayalands.
The structure of power underlying the hegemonic control Chichen Itza held over the Northern Maya Lowlands has been debated for decades. In this article, we present the idea of a dominant discourse on ...masculinities, which played a fundamental role in both practice and on a symbolic level among the strategies designed to support this emblematic pre-Columbian capital. Our discussion of archaeological evidence will focus on spaces where men are represented, where they would meet and carry out rituals. We contend that gallery-patios such as Structure 2D6 served as instruction and socialization locales for groups of warriors. The architectural configuration of this building is very similar to a series of venues at Chichen Itza and other Mesoamerican cities. In these spaces, associated iconography depicts male individuals in processions and ritual practice, including sacrifice and self-sacrifice. We argue that the gallery of Structure 2D6 was a semi-public, performative space, whose theatricality combined the central alignment of a sacrificial stone and a throne or altar with the presence of several patolli boards carved into the building's plaster floor. Chemical analyses of plastered surfaces testify to intense activities taking place around all three of these features.
La cronología del Templo de los Búhos, una construcción de características inusuales localizada en el Grupo de la Serie Inicial de Chichén Itzá, ha probado ser un desafío para los arqueólogos durante ...largo tiempo. La importancia del edificio reside en su únicaiconografía, y especialmente en la presencia de un texto jeroglífico con una fecha calendárica en una tapa de bóveda pintada. El fechamiento de esta inscripción ha sido instrumental para explicar la combinación de rasgos arquitectónicos, iconográficos y cerámicos asociados con ella. En este trabajo proponemos una nueva interpretación que contradice la datación de la tapa de bóveda en el siglo IX, generalmente aceptada, para emplazar la fecha en el siglo XII.
En el presente trabajo se exponen los argumentos a favor de la existencia en los textos del Conjunto de las Monjas, Chichén Itzá, México de un nuevo sufijo incoativo, previamente no mencionado en los ...trabajos sobre las inscripciones jeroglíficas mayas. Esta omisión se debe, sobre todo, a los problemas con la segmentación morfológica que han experimentado los investigadores que se han acercado a los monumentos en cuestión. El nuevo análisis no sólo permite ampliar los conocimientos sobre la gramática de la lengua de las inscripciones, sino también tiene posibles implicaciones extralingüísticas que podrían ser confirmadas o descartadas por las futuras investigaciones arqueológicas en Chichén Itzá.
Microbial biofilms frequently cause the esthetic and biological deterioration of stone monuments. Chichén Itzá, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and as one of the seven new wonders of the ...world, is one Maya archeological site affected by biofilms. In the present study, we analyzed the biofilms at three different building complexes of Chichén Itzá: the Lower Temple of the Jaguars, the Temple of the Warriors, and Tzompantli. Samples of biofilms and detached rocks were taken from walls with abundant white-, green-, black-, and orange-colored biofilms. The morphology of rock fragments and dust was analyzed by electron and optical microscopy and was structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. An HCl treatment (5% v/v) was subsequently applied to eliminate carbonates. The morphological analysis evidenced the presence of cyanobacteria, algae, and lichens. Some algae formed small nodules on orange- or black-colored rocks. Lichens were associated with a distinct mineral content on the inner surface of rocks versus on the outer surface. The presence of calcium oxalates such as weddellite (C
2
CaO
4
·2H
2
O) and whewellite (C
2
CaO
4
·H
2
O) and other minerals, including quartz and feldspars, was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The lichens collected from the Lower Temple of the Jaguars and Tzompantli were therefore confirmed to disintegrate rock surfaces through biomineralization and the formation of oxalate crystals. At sites with greater solar radiation, a higher quantity of weddellite and a lower quantity of whewellite were observed. In conclusion, the establishment of microorganisms on the stone surfaces of Chichén Itzá causes esthetic damage and also leads to the biomineralization of these rock surfaces.
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