The strong democratic nations tend to follow UN sustainable development goals (SDGs) while weak states choose the way of war for immediate self-affirmation. This destructive way is an insurmountable ...obstacle for SDGs tracking as a whole and primarily in the educational sector. Despite the influence of “the Fair War Theory”, the war is perceived as a source of destructive aggression, deaths, destructions, violence and moral degradation. Any war is aimed at the occupation of territories when the occupation regime uses vari-ous instruments and the collaborationism is the most widespread. Within the scope of this article the educational collaborationism is subject to a special analysis as it plays one of the major roles in creating an effective occupation system. We do not aim at providing the comprehensive consideration and interpretation of the phenom-enon of “Educators’ Collaborationism”, as well as the identification and detailed ex-planation of the entire spectrum of its destructive consequences. The purpose is to articulate the mentioned phenomenon within the problem of using education as a tool of occupation and threat to the national security of the occupied state. The methodological design of the study is based on a situational approach, which em-phasizes the importance of considering a number of factors influencing the changes in the educational process during the occupation, as well as the identification of situational variables that affect the level of access to higher education (HE), its quali-ty and content on the occupied territories. The method of qualitative case-study re-search made it possible to formulate certain generalizations about this phenomenon and its effect on HE in particular. It was found out that in the temporarily occupied territories education is used as a tool to strengthen and legitimize the occupation regime. Among the key agents there are also the occupiers’ assistants from the educational sector. The analysis of spe-cific situations gives reason to claim that the conscious, voluntary cooperation of educators with the enemy provokes the erosion of the ethical principles of educa-tion, its degradation and blocks the SDGs accomplishing. Such activity has negative consequences as it aggressively denies managerial autonomy, the right for academ-ic freedom and other components of quality HE and other SDGs as they all are inter-linked. Unfortunately, we are to admit that the educational transformative occupation causes total paralysis and even erosion of the national education system in the tem-porarily occupied Ukrainian territories. Therefore, the consequences of the implemen-tation of educational transformative occupation should determine the directions of the processes of de-occupied territories education restauration.
This article discusses the continuity between cosmopolitan collaboration and wartime collaborationism from 1932–1941 by exploring the Chinese Maritime Customs Service (CMCS) and its international ...staff. The CMCS managed China’s international trade and directed the custom houses in northern China before 1937, and in occupied China and free China from 1937–1941. The customs revenues generated by this international trade were pledged to service China’s international obligations. This article argues that both Chinese and Japanese staff members’ activities to maintain the status quo could be considered as wartime collaborationism from the perspectives of Japan, Manchukuo, and the Collaborationist and Chongqing governments, but all parties tolerated their activities until the outbreak of the Pacific War. The reason for this was that all parties benefitted from the CMCS’s management of international trade and its implementation of international obligations which had existed since the mid-nineteenth century. This article situates wartime collaborationism within the long-existing institutional network that was welcomed as cosmopolitan collaboration in the prewar, wartime, and postwar periods, rather than treating it as a unique wartime setup and ideology. Such a view also illuminates the postwar exchange of personnel and cooperation among former enemies, which grew out of prewar collaboration and wartime collaborationism.
This study investigates the personality traits and motivations of collaborationists with Russian invaders in Ukraine. A focus group of individuals who knew collaborationists personally identified 14 ...collaborationism motives (CMs), which were used to interview 104 probation clients convicted of collaborationism. The study utilized the five-factor model developed by Costa and McCrae to evaluate individual characteristics. Categorical principal component analysis (CATPCA) reduced the 14 CMs to three dimensions: pragmatism, adaptation, and fear. The study found that individual factors promoting collaborationism included pragmatism, ideological adaptation to changing realities, and fear stemming from threats to the life and health of an individual and/or their relatives. The study provides insights into the psychology of collaborationism, which can be useful in designing resocialization programs during the probation period of collaborationists.
At the end of the 20th century, the perception of peoples and states on their own past changed profoundly in the Balkans as well, with major geopolitical changes. Its processing and ...instrumentalization are encouraged by the complex permeation of the global relationship between national and ideological forces and local ruling interests. Every political and ideological victory, "must find its legitimate stronghold in the past." The disintegration of the ideological paradigm and the Yugoslav state union was accompanied by a balancing of the past from the outside, in accordance with the interests of the time and dominant politics, the accelerated construction of new national identities, the outbreak of a "civil war between different memories", the reversal of consciousness. These processes in the post-Yugoslav countries, in "transitional historiography", along with the new "reduction of totality", led to "retraditionalization", to the problematic waves of historical revisionism especially related to the Second World War, the correction of the so-called historical injustices, normalization of collaborationism, nationalization and relativization of the notion of anti-fascism. National historiographies in these countries have made a turn from the former glorification of the People's Liberation Movement (NOP) to its relativization, as part of the general trend of radical "re-nationalization". None of them carried out such a "thorough confrontation with the anti-fascism" of the NOP as Serbia. Numerous historians, with the participation of parascientific formations, give legitimacy to constructions of devaluing the anti-fascist legacy and rehabilitating Quisling forces. The falsification of history has also led to the relativization of their responsibility at the expense of those who have in part confirmed themselves as anti-fascists. Revanchist historiography imposes alternative truths. There is a real consensus on the definition of "good" nationalism, which for many is "elementary patriotism". Various nationalist currents are portrayed as anti-fascist. The collaborationist forces defeated in 1945 became "misunderstood victims of historical destiny." Their actions are placed in the context of their anti-communism, promoted in reasonable national politics. Derogating from anti-fascism also led to "anti-anti-fascism". He relativizes the crimes of fascists and collaborators, re-evaluates victims and executioners. It is not common practice for "historical truths" to be written in parliaments and promulgated by law, as has happened in Serbia. Courts and parliaments cannot valorize someone’s historical role. Historical science can do that. Revisionism is based on selective forgetting and the construction of a "desirable history", it is "a reworking of the past carried by clear or covert intentions to justify narrower national or political goals." The obvious expression is "political culture in a society, that is, it speaks of the dominant political value orientations in it". Judicial rehabilitation is understood as an ideological and political measure of revision of history. A distinction should be made between the individual rehabilitation of innocent victims of persecution by the authorities after 1945 and a light revision of history. The political and ideological aspects of rehabilitation, with the support of the media and the pseudo-legal mechanism, include manipulating a number of topics to delegitimize the system that changed social, economic, political and national relations after 1945 - characteristic of monarchist Yugoslavia. In revisionist historiography, communists are treated as opponents of Serbian national interests ("red devils"), intruders in national history, and the socialist revolution as an excess. With the adoption of certain laws and the application of a whole arsenal of rhetorical means and concealment of a number of historical facts, the notion of Draža Mihailović's Chetnik movement in Ravna Gora was especially reworked, neglecting and relativizing his criminal practice, to make this "new anti-fascist" side a desirable "pre-communist ancestor". "authorities. This collaborationist movement is also relieved through anti-communism, it is marked as patriotic and anti-totalitarian. His rehabilitation in Serbia has multiple meanings and consequences in its social life, but also in regional relations.
The article substantiates the scientific and political relevance of the topic of studying the German occupation policy in Ukraine in 1941. The main differences in the approaches to this problem of ...Russian and Ukrainian historians are shown. The source base of this study was the documents of the intelligence agencies of the Southern and Southwestern Fronts from the funds of the Central Archives of the Ministry of Defense, which contain secret directives of the German command that determine the political and economic activities of the Germans on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR that they have seized. Purpose of the study: using previously unknown archival documents to characterize the main directions of the Nazi occupation policy in Ukraine in 1941 and to show the role of Ukrainian collaborators in creating a "new order" in the occupied territories. The basis of the research methodology is the principle of historicism, which presupposes an examination of the object under study, taking into account the specific circumstances of the second half of 1941. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the authors showed the evolution of the views of the German government regarding the prospects for Ukrainian statehood; gave a description of the economic activities of the Third Reich on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR; proved that the suppression of the partisan movement became an important direction of the occupation policy; identified the main methods and means of Nazi propaganda in Ukraine. The main scientific result: it is shown that the German occupation authorities, having established a repressive regime in Ukraine, considered Ukrainian nationalists exclusively as puppets, without putting on the agenda the issue of creating Ukraine as an independent state.
Russia’s aggression against Ukraine gave rise to many problems, including in the field of legislative regulation and protection of the most important social relations, interests, benefits and values ...recognized as such by the society. At the same time, actions to which the legislation did not pay due (and sometimes no) attention were included in the circle of interests. Among such objects of protection and regulation by criminal law was collaborative activity. It should be noted that not only the criminal law of Ukraine, but also the criminal law of almost all European countries did not form the concept of collaborative activity and did not determine responsibility for it. Most often, collaborative activity was covered by the concept of “treason” without any further differentiation. Even among legal theorists to this day, there is no unity in the understanding of this phenomenon. The author notes that this problem is outside the scope of this publication and is not the subject of the discussion. A number of scientific publications in the Ukrainian scientific space have been dedicated to it. This study focuses on the criminal-legal basis of the legal awareness of people who have committed the actions provided for in Art. 1111 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which defines its concepts as well as psychological and ideological foundations that define it.
Мета. Розгляд специфіки застосування методу незакінчених речень в міждисциплінарному дослідженні соціально-демографічних та лінгвокультурних особливостей на прикладі з’ясування особистісних чинників ...колабораціонізму.
Методики дослідження. Концепт дослідження розроблено та реалізовано на основі системного розуміння поведінки як складної та багаторівневої взаємодії суб’єкта із середовищем. А саме, використано теоретичні положення структурно-онтологічної методології соціальних, гуманітарних та поведінкових наук. На вказаних засадах розроблено опитувальник “Особливості мого світогляду”, до якого окрім традиційних соціологічних критеріїв включено запитання щодо поведінкових звичок та різноманітних світоглядних особливості респондентів. Окремим блоком в опитувальник інтегровано десять стемів незакінчених речень. Дослідженням охоплено дві групи – експериментальна (58 суб’єктів пробації, засуджених за колабораційну діяльність) та контрольна (388 працівників уповноважених органів та підрозділів з питань пробації).
Результати. Узагальнений соціально-демографічний профіль колаборанта поряд з низьким рівнем достатку і освіти, включає проблемне здоров’я та тенденцію нехтувати спортом і фізичною культурою. Поєднання перелічених чинників експериментальної групи є ознакою тенденції щодо більш низького рівня соціального благополуччя порівняно із характеристиками контрольної групи. У колаборантів виявлено тенденцію щодо психологічного дистанціювання від національно-культурного простору України. Ця особливість була ретельно досліджена за допомогою використання методу незакінчених речень, п’ять з яких виявили суттєві статистично значущі відмінності в досліджуваних групах.
Висновки. Метод незакінчених дозволяє суттєво поглибити розуміння та конкретизувати гіпотези, зроблені за допомогою інших методів. Зокрема, соціально-демографічний індикатор психологічного дистанціювання колаборантів від соціуму пояснюється світоглядними відмінностями досліджуваних – ціннісний егоцентризм колаборантів та, як наслідок, брак соціально-відповідальної взаємодії з суспільством. Соціальна реабілітація повинна передбачати поглиблення ступеню соціальної залученості колаборантів, яка здебільшого обмежується близько-родинним колом. Більшість досліджених колаборантів не виявили концепту «омріяного майбутнього». Образ прийдешнього, як правило, зводиться до вузького егоцентричного змісту у вигляді простого покращення поточної соціально-побутової ситуації людини. Більшість колаборантів є носіями світоглядної ідеї щодо соціальної лояльності. Однак, ця ідея не трансформується в патріотичну проукраїнську позицію через відсутність у колаборантів суспільної залученості в результаті ціннісного інфантилізму. Отже основні напрямки соціальної реабілітації пов’язані з ціннісною диференціацією колаборантів, а також розвитком в них емоційного інтелекту.
Durante las décadas de los cincuenta y sesenta la dictadura franquista continuó practicando un estricto control social y moral sobre la población, especialmente sobre las mujeres. En las tareas de ...vigilancia y castigo de las conductas estimadas inmorales (fueran o no constitutivas de delito) las autoridades civiles y religiosas contaron con la colaboración de la gente de a pie. Pero el proyecto re-moralizador de la dictadura tuvo un éxito tan solo relativo. A pesar de la asfixiante atmósfera sostenida por los «guardianes de las buenas costumbres», muchos individuos lograron preservar una cierta autonomía moral en sus vidas cotidianas, cuestión que se aborda en este trabajo.
The article is devoted to the characteristics of the main challenges of the war for the development of Ukrainian society and the state and responses to them in the field of criminal law policy ...formation and implementation. The purpose of the article is to provide a systemic characterization of the changes that have taken place in the Criminal Code of Ukraine since February 24, 2022 and are aimed at responding to challenges related to martial law, as well as determining their necessity, sufficiency, and adequacy.
The empirical basis of the study is made up of the materials of 225 court verdicts for the commission of criminal offenses provided for by Articles 111, 111-1, 111-2, 114-2, 436-2, 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, as well as the results of expert assessments and surveys of 92 employees of pre-trial investigation bodies of the National of the police, 35 employees of the prosecutor’s office, 30 investigators of the Security Service of Ukraine in Kharkiv, Odesa and Zaporizhzhia regions. The analysis of these sources made it possible to identify and describe the existing problems of criminal law regulation of social relations in a number of spheres, which have been exposed to the greatest negative influence since the beginning of the full-scale war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine.
A description and explanation of the main and indirect threats associated with the full-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine is provided. The changes in the law on criminal liability, which occurred as a reaction to the specified threats in the form of criminalization of socially dangerous acts, as well as in the practice of applying criminal law norms on collaborationism, aiding the aggressor state, justification, denial of armed aggression against Ukraine, war crimes, etc., are analyzed. Their shortcomings and defects are identified, proposals are formulated for their elimination through improvement both at the law-making and law-enforcement levels. The need for Ukraine to ratify the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the Kampala annexes to it is emphasized. Equally significant is the improvement of domestic legislation and the practice of its application in relation to countering collaborationism, aiding the aggressor state, as well as war crimes, crimes of aggression, and crimes against humanity.
The inadequacy of the application of norms on war crimes in those cases in which terrorism takes place has been established at the level of a separate scientific and law-enforcement problem. The possibility of the coexistence of the phenomena of terrorism and aggressive war, the presence of signs of war crimes and terrorist acts in the actions of combatants has been proven. The key factor in distinguishing these phenomena should not be the international legal status of the guilty person as a combatant, but the content of the subjective side of the composition of the criminal offense with a significant coincidence of the signs of the objective side of war crimes and terrorist acts.
Crimean Tatar`s attacks on Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Circassian, Moldavian lands, conducted with different intensity over three centuries, have rendered great influence on the history of Eastern ...Europe. Raids were caused by different causes: economic, ideological and political. While the role of economic factors were traditionally exaggerated by the historians. Attacks on nearby countries were an important component of the internal life of the Crimean Khanate, participation in them was a source of pride, a way of enrichment, and an increase in their status in society. Despite of the destructive effects, the invasions of the Crimean and Nogai cavalry for the population of the region, it would be wrong to represent the raids only as monotonous looting. Thanks to numerous sources it is known that during the raids, people could save themselves, not only by fleeing or self-defense, but also cooperating with the attackers. Crimean Khans and their victims were above all living people. This led to a variety of situations in which the victims could be saved thanks to their own resourcefulness and interpersonal skills. The Crimean Tatars have applied various methods of treatment of a hostile population. In addition to the prevailing type of relationship (violence), the Crimeans treated humanely some people (primarily women), including those captured.
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