Lactic acid bacteria produce a variety of antibacterial and larvicidal metabolites, which could be used to cure diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria and to efficiently overcome issues regarding ...insecticide resistance. In the current study, the antibacterial and larvicidal potential of Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate isolated from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BCH-1 has been evaluated. Bioactive compounds were extracted by ethyl acetate and were fractionated by gradient column chromatography from crude extract. Based on FT-IR analysis followed by GC-MS and ESI-MS/MS, the active compound was identified to be Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Antibacterial potential was evaluated by disk diffusion against E. coli (12.33 ± 0.56 mm inhibition zone) and S. aureus (5.66 ± 1.00 mm inhibition zone). Larvicidal potency was performed against Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae, where Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate showed 100% mortality at 250 ppm after 72 h with LCsub.50 of 67.03 ppm. Furthermore, after 72 h the acetylcholinesterase inhibition was observed as 29.00, 40.33, 53.00, 64.00, and 75.33 (%) at 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ppm, respectively. In comet assay, mean comet tail length (14.18 ± 0.28 μm), tail DNA percent damage (18.23 ± 0.06%), tail movement (14.68 ± 0.56 µm), comet length (20.62 ± 0.64 µm), head length (23.75 ± 0.27 µm), and head DNA percentage (39.19 ± 0.92%) were observed at 250 ppm as compared to the control. The current study for the first time describes the promising antibacterial and larvicidal potential of Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum that would have potential pharmaceutical applications.
Highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) from the atmospheric oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds are important contributors to secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Organic peroxy radicals ...(RO.sub.2) and hydroperoxy radicals (HO.sub.2) are key species influencing the HOM product distribution. In laboratory studies, experimental requirements often result in overemphasis on RO.sub.2 cross-reactions compared to reactions of RO.sub.2 with HO.sub.2 . We analyzed the photochemical formation of HOMs from α-pinene and their potential to contribute to SOA formation under high (â1/1) and low (â1/100) HO2/RO2 conditions. As HO2/RO2 1 is prevalent in the daytime atmosphere, sufficiently high HO2/RO2 is crucial to mimic atmospheric conditions and to prevent biases by low HO2/RO2 on the HOM product distribution and thus SOA yield. Experiments were performed under steady-state conditions in the new, continuously stirred tank reactor SAPHIR-STAR at Forschungszentrum Jülich. The HO2/RO2 ratio was increased by adding CO while keeping the OH concentration constant. We determined the HOM's SOA formation potential, considering its fraction remaining in the gas phase after seeding with (NH.sub.4).sub.2 SO.sub.4 aerosol. An increase in HO2/RO2 led to a reduction in SOA formation potential, with the main driver being a â¼ 60 % reduction in HOM-accretion products. We also observed a shift in HOM-monomer functionalization from carbonyl to hydroperoxide groups. We determined a reduction of the HOM's SOA formation potential by â¼ 30 % at HO2/RO2 â1/1 compared to HO2/RO2 â 1/100. Particle-phase observations measured a similar decrease in SOA mass and yield. Our study shows that too low HO2/RO2 ratios compared to the atmosphere can lead to an overestimation of SOA yields.
The article considers the current economic paradigm, defining new imperatives that increase the importance of strategies for building human resources and creating an effective structure and ...composition of human capital within organizations. This problem is caused by the transition to a qualitatively new model of ensuring the sovereignty and economic stability of Russia. The processes of evolutionary transformation of the economy and its departure from the supply model mainly due to the raw materials and speculative sectors of the economy in the direction that correlates with the new current paradigm of transition to the sixth technological order and informatization of processes, where advanced knowledge is the fundamental variable, served as a reason to rethink the paradigm of the education system. Considerable attention is paid to the justified necessity of using the competence-based approach as a component of the technologies for building an effective mechanism of competence-oriented personnel development. The article develops an evolutionary chronological map of the development of scientific schools with different interpretations of the meaning and role of competencies as a variable within the framework of personnel management, as well as the notional starting point of the Russian direction of the competence-based approach. The article identifies a number of problems caused by the lack of common views and interpretations of the theoretical and methodological aspects of the competence-based approach. Based on the results of the study of the genesis and development of the competence-based approach, a comparative analysis of the main schools and directions was made.
Keywords: aging; atrophy; comparative anatomy; corpus callosum; Pan troglodytes The human corpus callosum exhibits substantial atrophy in old age, which is stronger than what would be predicted from ...parallel changes in overall brain anatomy. To date, however, it has not been conclusively established whether this accentuated decline represents a common feature of brain aging across species, or whether it is a specific characteristic of the aging human brain. In the present cross-sectional study, we address this question by comparing age-related difference in corpus callosum morphology of chimpanzees and humans. For this purpose, we measured total midsagittal area and regional thickness of the corpus callosum from T1-weighted MRI data from 213 chimpanzees, aged between 9 and 54years. The results were compared with data drawn from a large-scale human sample which was age-range matched using two strategies: (a) matching by chronological age (human sample size: n = 562), or (b) matching by accounting for differences in longevity and various maturational events between the species (i.e., adjusted human age range: 13.6 to 80.9years; n = 664). Using generalized additive modeling to fit and compare aging trajectories, we found significant differences between the two species. The chimpanzee aging trajectory compared with the human trajectory was characterized by a slower increase from adolescence to middle adulthood, and by a lack of substantial decline from middle to old adulthood, which, however, was present in humans. Thus, the accentuated decline of the corpus callosum found in aging humans is not a universal characteristic of the aging brain, and appears to be human-specific. Article Note: Funding information National Institutes of Health, Grant/Award Numbers: HD-60563, NS-092988, NS-42867, NS-73134; Norges Forskningsrad, Grant/Award Number: Toppforsk 249931; University of Tartu Byline: Rene Westerhausen, Anders M. Fjell, Kristiina Kompus, Steven J. Schapiro, Chet C. Sherwood, Kristine B. Walhovd, William D. Hopkins
The self-condensation of cyclopentanone has been studied over calcined and uncalcined TiO.sub.2-ZrO.sub.2. The catalyst properties were examined by XRD, FTIR, SEM, N.sub.2 adsorption-desorption, and ...pyridine FTIR. Compared with calcined TiO.sub.2-ZrO.sub.2, uncalcined TiO.sub.2-ZrO.sub.2 exhibited superior catalytic performance (94% conversion of cyclopentanone and 86% yield of dimer). This might be because uncalcined TiO.sub.2-ZrO.sub.2 has both Lewis and Brønsted acids, while calcined TiO.sub.2-ZrO.sub.2 only contains Lewis acids. Kinetics analysis indicated that C-C coupling was the rate-limiting step on the two catalysts. For uncalcined TiO.sub.2-ZrO.sub.2, the C-C coupling occurred between the two species on the catalyst surface. Through the H bond, the cyclopentanone was firmly adsorbed on the catalyst surface by Brønsted acid sites, then the enol intermediate could attack another cyclopentanone polarized by adjacent Lewis acid sites. As a consequence, the coexistence of Brønsted and Lewis acids in catalysts exhibited enhanced activity in cyclopentanone self-condensation.
The static melting method is used to prepare KNO.sub.3-NaNO.sub.3-NaCl ternary mixed molten salt containing 5-20 mass% NaCl, and the thermal physical parameters such as specific heat capacity, ...melting point, and latent heat of phase change are measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The microstructures of the mixed molten salts are characterized by XRD and SEM. The experimental results show that compared with the base salt, after adding different mass fractions of NaCl, the melting point of the molten salts was reduced by about 24.8%, and the latent heat of phase change was increased by 22.71-52.53 J g.sup.-1, the solid and liquid state specific heat capacity of molten salts increased by 3.4% and 2.3% after the addition of 10 mass% NaCl. The addition of 15 mass% NaCl formed a special chlorine salt layer on the surface of the molten salt. This structure reduced the intermolecular voids and enhanced the intermolecular force, which may be the reason for the increase in specific heat capacity and latent heat of phase change.
Evaluating global chemistry models in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere (UTLS) is an important step toward an improved understanding of the chemical composition in this region. This ...composition is regularly sampled through in situ measurements based on passenger aircraft, in the framework of the In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) research infrastructure. This study focuses on the comparison of the IAGOS measurements in ozone, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen reactive species (NO.sub.y) and water vapour, with a 25-year simulation output from the LMDZ-OR-INCA chemistry-climate model. For this purpose, we present and apply an extension of the Interpol-IAGOS software that projects the IAGOS data onto any model grid, in order to derive a gridded IAGOS product and a masked (sub-sampled) model product that are directly comparable to one another. Climatologies are calculated in the upper troposphere (UT) and in the lower stratosphere (LS) separately but also in the UTLS as a whole, as a demonstration for the models that do not sort out the physical variables necessary to distinguish between the UT and the LS. In the northern extratropics, the comparison in the UTLS layer suggests that the geographical distribution in the tropopause height is well reproduced by the model. In the separated layers, the model simulates well the water vapour climatologies in the UT and the ozone climatologies in the LS. There are opposite biases in CO in both UT and LS, which suggests that the cross-tropopause transport is overestimated. The NO.sub.y observations highlight the difficulty of the model in parameterizing the lightning emissions. In the tropics, the upper-tropospheric climatologies are remarkably well simulated for water vapour. They also show realistic CO peaks due to biomass burning in the most convective systems, and the ozone latitudinal variations are well correlated between the observations and the model. Ozone is more sensitive to lightning emissions than to biomass burning emissions, whereas the CO sensitivity to biomass burning emissions strongly depends on location and season. The present study demonstrates that the Interpol-IAGOS software is a tool facilitating the assessment of global model simulations in the UTLS, which is potentially useful for any modelling experiment involving chemistry climate or chemistry transport models.
As a new breed of grouper hybrid breeding, EFT has the advantages of delicious flesh, fast growth, and high deformity rate. We explored the metamorphosis and skeletal development of Epinephelus ...fuscoguttatus and hybrids (EFT) of E. fuscoguttatus (♀) and E. tukula (♂). EFT grew slightly slower than E. fuscoguttatus during the larval period but grew faster during the juvenile period. The sequences of skeletal development were similar in EFT and E. fuscoguttatus. Newly hatched larvae did not have skeletons until 5days after hatching (DAH) when head cartilage started to develop and complete at 43days later. The vertebral column started to develop at 11DAH and was completed at 38DAH. Pectoral fin development began at 5DAH and ossification was completed at 48DAH in EFT and at 43DAH in E. fuscoguttatus. Anal fin development started at 11DAH and ossification was completed earlier in EFT than in E. fuscoguttatus. The caudal fins of the two groupers developed at 8DAH and ossified earlier in EFT than in E. fuscoguttatus. In contrast, E. fuscoguttatus had one additional epural than EFT. These results provide important basic biological data for the growth and skeletal development of pure and hybrid grouper.
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