Subscription-based video streaming has recently become the main revenue driver in the home entertainment industry. Whether and how it affects the sales of physical media, which was previously the ...industry's largest revenue source for decades, is still not well understood. We answer this question using a natural experiment that occurred on October 1, 2015, when the content owner Epix switched its streaming partner from Netflix to Hulu. This event created an exogenous shock that significantly reduced the streaming availability of Epix's content because of the difference in the market shares of the two streaming service providers at the time. This occurrence allows us to investigate the causal effect of subscription streaming on physical DVD sales. Our difference-in-differences analysis shows that the decline in the streaming availability of Epix's content caused an increase of 36.07% in its monthly DVD sales during the 15 months after the event. We also find that the cannibalization between these two channels is much stronger for movies with higher level of content stickiness (e.g., more recent titles, and titles with a general audience (G) or parental guidance (PG) rating or belonging to the children/family genre). Our findings provide important implications for content owners on how to balance physical sales with revenues from streaming licenses.
•We use a natral experiment to investigate how subscription-based video streaming affects DVD sales.•The decline in the streaming availability of the content owner Epix’s content caused an increase of 36.07% in its monthly DVD sales during the 15 months after the event.•The cannibalization between these two channels is much stronger for movies with higher level of content stickiness.
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•Patterned substrate can enhance the light absorption leading to improve the optoelectronic devices’ performance.•The mechanism of light absorbed enhancement due to substrate ...architecting was verified.•The photocurrent of patterned photodetector was higher than that of flat one.
ZnO is one of the most fascinating and cost-effective materials for numerous applications, especially optoelectronics. To improve its properties and performance, many techniques have been developed, in which doping and surface engineering are usually of interest. Recently, combining techniques for further enhancement has got significant attention but not fully explored. In this study, a new combination to widen the light absorbance of ZnO nanorods (NRs) is introduced. This combination is based on (i) doping of Mn and (ii) substrate architecting. Patterned substrates are formed with master molds as digital video disc (DVD) and lotus leaf through polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding. Mn-doped ZnO NRs were then hydrothermally grown on them at low temperatures. For investigate their morphology, structure and optical properties, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) were employed. The obtained results show that the Mn-doped ZnO samples with the patterned substrates own a remarkable increase (> 40%) in the visible light absorbance as compared to that with the flat substrate due to an increment of light scattering. Besides, a photodetector is fabricated based on the optimized patterning PDMS substrate with the active material of Mn doped ZnO NRs. The results show that the photocurrent of patterning device is 3.8 time higher than that of flat substrate. Overall, our approach for growing Mn-doped ZnO NRs on 3D patterned structures at low temperature is promising for optical applications such as flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices.
