Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections in humans have increased in prevalence in recent decades. Mycobacterium kansasii is one of the most prevalent human pathogenic NTM species worldwide. ...Herein, we report the first isolation of M. kansasii from an indoor domestic cat in Japan. Comparative genome sequence analysis of the feline isolate showed this pathogen is genetically identical to human pathogenic M. kansasii.
This finding suggests that M. kansasii has a potential risk of zoonoses and requires the "One Health" approach to control NTM infection.
Introducción. La enfermedad de Chagas y la leishmaniasis son patologías de gran importancia en salud pública debido a su alta frecuencia y amplia distribución en América Latina. El estudio de los ...animales reservorios es vital para una comprensión global de estas enfermedades. Objetivo. En el presente trabajo nos propusimos identificar parásitos de la familia Trypanosomatidae en animales silvestres con la finalidad de establecer posibles relaciones debidas a la coinfección. Materiales y métodos. En El Carrizal, un área rural del estado Mérida, Venezuela, entre julio de 1998 y febrero de 2000 se realizaron capturas sistemáticas de animales silvestres con la finalidad de poner en evidencia la presencia de parásitos pertenecientes a la familia Trypanosomatidae. Las capturas fueron realizadas con trampas caseras tipo Tomahawk, colocadas 15 noches por mes durante el periodo del estudio. A los animales capturados se les practicó punción cardiaca bajo anestesia para extracción de sangre con la cual se realizaron los siguientes estudios: examen en fresco, extendido para coloración con Giemsa y cultivo en agar-sangre. Se realizaron algunos xenodiagnósticos. Los aislamientos obtenidos por medio de cultivo se identificaron por medio de análisis de restricción e hibridación con sondas específicas. Resultados. Se capturaron y estudiaron 215 animales pertenecientes a tres especies: Rattus spp. (135), Sigmodon hispidus (73) y Didelphis marsupialis (7). Igualmente, se identificaron tres especies de Trypanosomatidae: Leishmania ( V) guyanensis, Trypanosoma cruzi y Trypanosoma lewisi. Mientras T. cruzi fue identificado en D. marsupialis (4/7), S. hispidus (1/73) y Rattus spp. (1/135), L.( V) guyanensis y T. lewisi sólo se identificaron en Rattus spp. (1/135 y 12/135, respectivamente). Conclusión. El estudio de la coexistencia de estas diferentes especies de flagelados genéticamente relacionados nos parece de importancia por las interacciones inmunológicas que se pueden establecer en los animales reservorios y las posibles implicaciones que esto puede tener en el huésped susceptible. Finalmente, las identificaciones de L.( V) guyanensis y T. cruzi en Rattus spp. y S. hispidus, respectivamente, son las primeras reportadas en Venezuela.
OBJETIVO: Estimar o potencial de emergência média diária de adultos fêmeas de Aedes albopictus, espécie que, embora não tenha sido incriminada, até o momento, como vetora de dengue no Brasil, é muito ...próxima de Aedes aegypti. MÉTODOS: As observações foram realizadas quinzenalmente e de maneira ininterrupta na localidade de Pedrinhas, Estado de São Paulo, no período de 1996 a 2000. Para estimar a produtividade dos criadouros, mediu-se o índice de emergência (E). Foram utilizados dois reservatórios grandes e permanentes com mais de 10 litros de água, para que o líquido faltante fosse reposto a cada coleta. Os demais reservatórios (seis) foram representados por cubas com capacidade de 1 litro, sendo que, a cada cuba, foi adicionado 1 litro de água destilada. Posteriormente, a cada coleta, o volume de água foi reposto independentemente da pluviosidade. As associações foram estudadas pelo índice de correlação de Pearson. RESULTADOS: A emergência (E) do reservatório mantido descoberto foi de 66,5, maior do que a emergência da caixa d'água coberta, que foi de 12,2. Ambos os criadouros tiveram o caráter de "permanente" assegurado pela reposição do líquido, caso o volume diminuísse ao longo do tempo de observação. Não houve associação importante com as condições de pluviosidade e de temperatura. Os recipientes menores foram representados por cubas, em número de seis. Algumas delas mostraram associação com as condições meteorológicas e os índices de emergência (E), indicando os meses de menor pluviosidade como menos produtivos. Esses meses, de junho a novembro, seriam o lapso de tempo mais propício para realizar a operação de remoção mecânica de recipientes. CONCLUSÃO: As diferenças encontradas na produtividade dos dois reservatórios permanentes poderão, ao menos parcialmente, ser explicadas pela presença de matéria orgânica que serviria para a alimentação larval. Quanto aos recipientes transitórios, supõe-se que a época de menor pluviosidade seria a mais propícia para executar a limpeza dos quintais domésticos. Com isso, seria mais eficaz a diminuição da proliferação de mosquitos na estação seguinte. A presença de matéria orgânica na água dos criadouros poderá, se vegetal ou animal, trazer subsídios à separação das populações de Aedes aegypti e de Ae. albopictus.
To estimate the potential of daily average emergence of Aedes albopictus adult females. Since this species is very close to Aedes aegypti, although it has not been implicated in the spread of dengue ...in Brazil.
Observations were carried out fortnightly and incessantly in Pedrinhas, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, between 1996 and 2000. Breeding productivity was measured using the emergence index (E). Two large reservoirs of more than 10 liters of water were used, and their permanent character was assured by replacing water every time its level was low. The other reservoirs were six pots, initially filled out with a liter of distilled water. The water content was constantly replaced after every collection, regardless of rainfall. The associations with climatic factors were calculated using the correlation index of Pearson.
The emergence (E) in the uncovered reservoir was 66.5, much higher than the one found at the covered water tank, which was 12.2. The permanent character of both breeding settings was assured by water replacement when there was a decrease in the water levels. There was no significant association between rainfall and temperature variations. It was observed in some of the six pots an association between rainfall and the emergence index, with a lesser productivity in the months with lower rainfalls. That period, June to November, would be the most propitious time to perform the mechanical removal of the containers.
The differences in productivity of the two permanent reservoirs could be explained, at least in part, to the existence of organic matter that allows larval growth. Regarding the temporary containers, it seems that the best time for cleaning up would be during the dry months. Having organic matter in the water of breeding settings could enable the isolation of these two mosquito populations, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.
OBJETIVO: Estimar o potencial de emergência média diária de adultos fêmeas de Aedes albopictus, espécie que, embora não tenha sido incriminada, até o momento, como vetora de dengue no Brasil, é muito ...próxima de Aedes aegypti. MÉTODOS: As observações foram realizadas quinzenalmente e de maneira ininterrupta na localidade de Pedrinhas, Estado de São Paulo, no período de 1996 a 2000. Para estimar a produtividade dos criadouros, mediu-se o índice de emergência (E). Foram utilizados dois reservatórios grandes e permanentes com mais de 10 litros de água, para que o líquido faltante fosse reposto a cada coleta. Os demais reservatórios (seis) foram representados por cubas com capacidade de 1 litro, sendo que, a cada cuba, foi adicionado 1 litro de água destilada. Posteriormente, a cada coleta, o volume de água foi reposto independentemente da pluviosidade. As associações foram estudadas pelo índice de correlação de Pearson. RESULTADOS: A emergência (E) do reservatório mantido descoberto foi de 66,5, maior do que a emergência da caixa d'água coberta, que foi de 12,2. Ambos os criadouros tiveram o caráter de "permanente" assegurado pela reposição do líquido, caso o volume diminuísse ao longo do tempo de observação. Não houve associação importante com as condições de pluviosidade e de temperatura. Os recipientes menores foram representados por cubas, em número de seis. Algumas delas mostraram associação com as condições meteorológicas e os índices de emergência (E), indicando os meses de menor pluviosidade como menos produtivos. Esses meses, de junho a novembro, seriam o lapso de tempo mais propício para realizar a operação de remoção mecânica de recipientes. CONCLUSÃO: As diferenças encontradas na produtividade dos dois reservatórios permanentes poderão, ao menos parcialmente, ser explicadas pela presença de matéria orgânica que serviria para a alimentação larval. Quanto aos recipientes transitórios, supõe-se que a época de menor pluviosidade seria a mais propícia para executar a limpeza dos quintais domésticos. Com isso, seria mais eficaz a diminuição da proliferação de mosquitos na estação seguinte. A presença de matéria orgânica na água dos criadouros poderá, se vegetal ou animal, trazer subsídios à separação das populações de Aedes aegypti e de Ae. albopictus.OBJECTIVE: To estimate the potential of daily average emergence of Aedes albopictus adult females. Since this species is very close to Aedes aegypti , although it has not been implicated in the spread of dengue in Brazil. METHODS: Observations were carried out fortnightly and incessantly in Pedrinhas, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, between 1996 and 2000. Breeding productivity was measured using the emergence index (E). Two large reservoirs of more than 10 liters of water were used, and their permanent character was assured by replacing water every time its level was low. The other reservoirs were six pots, initially filled out with a liter of distilled water. The water content was constantly replaced after every collection, regardless of rainfall. The associations with climatic factors were calculated using the correlation index of Pearson. RESULTS: The emergence (E) in the uncovered reservoir was 66.5, much higher than the one found at the covered water tank, which was 12.2. The permanent character of both breeding settings was assured by water replacement when there was a decrease in the water levels. There was no significant association between rainfall and temperature variations. It was observed in some of the six pots an association between rainfall and the emergence index, with a lesser productivity in the months with lower rainfalls. That period, June to November, would be the most propitious time to perform the mechanical removal of the containers. CONCLUSION: The differences in productivity of the two permanent reservoirs could be explained, at least in part, to the existence of organic matter that allows larval growth. Regarding the temporary containers, it seems that the best time for cleaning up would be during the dry months. Having organic matter in the water of breeding settings could enable the isolation of these two mosquito populations, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.
The risk of zoonotic spillover from reservoir hosts, such as wildlife or domestic livestock, to people is shaped by the spatial and temporal distribution of infection in reservoir populations. ...Quantifying these distributions is a key challenge in epidemiology and disease ecology that requires researchers to make trade-offs between the extent and intensity of spatial versus temporal sampling. We discuss sampling methods that strengthen the reliability and validity of inferences about the dynamics of zoonotic pathogens in wildlife hosts. This article is part of the theme issue 'Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover'.
Many of the major human infectious diseases, including some now confined to humans and absent from animals, are 'new' ones that arose only after the origins of agriculture. Where did they come from? ...Why are they overwhelmingly of Old World origins? Here we show that answers to these questions are different for tropical and temperate diseases; for instance, in the relative importance of domestic animals and wild primates as sources. We identify five intermediate stages through which a pathogen exclusively infecting animals may become transformed into a pathogen exclusively infecting humans. We propose an initiative to resolve disputed origins of major diseases, and a global early warning system to monitor pathogens infecting individuals exposed to wild animals.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Highlights • Bats experience morbidity to many extracellular but few intracellular infections. • Bats control intracellular pathogens via cellular pathways to apoptosis/autophagy. • These ROS ...mitigation pathways promote longevity and tumor avoidance. • Extracellular pathogen-associated morbidity in bats results from immunopathology.
In the last half century, significant attention has been given to animal diseases; however, our understanding of disease processes and how to manage them at the livestock–wildlife interface remains ...limited. In this study, we conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature to evaluate the status of diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface in the United States. Specifically, the goals of the literature review were three fold: first to evaluate domestic animal diseases currently found in the United States where wildlife may play a role; second to identify critical issues faced in managing these diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface; and third to identify potential technical and policy strategies for addressing these issues. We found that of the 86 avian, ruminant, swine, poultry, and lagomorph diseases that are reportable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), 53 are present in the United States; 42 (79%) of these have a putative wildlife component associated with the transmission, maintenance, or life cycle of the pathogen; and 21 (40%) are known to be zoonotic. At least six of these reportable diseases—bovine tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, brucellosis, avian influenza, rabies, and cattle fever tick (vector control)—have a wildlife reservoir that is a recognized impediment to eradication in domestic populations. The complex nature of these systems highlights the need to understand the role of wildlife in the epidemiology, transmission, and maintenance of infectious diseases of livestock. Successful management or eradication of these diseases will require the development of cross-discipline and institutional collaborations. Despite social and policy challenges, there remain opportunities to develop new collaborations and new technologies to mitigate the risks posed at the livestock–wildlife interface.
This chapter contains sections titled:
Introduction
A Changing World
Human Markets
Veterinary Markets
Key Companies and their Products
Conclusions
References
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