Ho in Asturian Spanish and dude in American English are both particles that originated as vocatives and have since developed grammaticalized forms that perform specific functions in discourse. A ...parallel analysis of these particles is possible on account of an overarching discourse function whereby the use of the particle constitutes an update by the speaker of the common ground. The purpose of the study is to test whether dude/ho implicate the sense of 'obviousness'. The authors designed a questionnaire in which 74 participants of American English and Asturian Spanish assessed the degree to which a recorded speaker was seeking to implicate that an utterance's propositional content should already be known to the listener. Results show that condition (presence vs. absence of ho/dude) and sentence type (declarative vs. imperative) are significant. Findings suggest that indeed ho/dude behave in a similar way in each language, serving a regulatory function within the mutual belief space. This study seeks to address a gap in the literature on the pragmatic functions of two discourse particles and helps to establish the validity of cross-linguistic analyses of this type.
•Ho/dude utterances are judged as expressing significantly higher ‘obviousness’.•Judgements are less variable for dude than for ho.•Imperatives are perceived as conveying higher degrees of obviousness than declaratives.•Variable cross linguistic effects may result from distinct grammaticalization paths.•The study validates the use of a novel perception task in cross-linguistic research.
In the heterogeneous networks (HetNets), the downlink-uplink decoupled (DUDE) user association is a very promising technology that can employ different association strategies for uplink and downlink. ...The DUDE mode has great potential for improving system capacity and frequency efficiency. However, interference between the DUDE user equipment (DUDE UE), macro user equipment (MUE) and small user equipment (SUE) still needs to be considered and properly tackled. Therefore, this paper presents an optimization scheme of frequency allocation and power control to improve the communication quality of users. Firstly, the multiple region frequency allocation (MRFA) scheme is proposed for non-uniform user distribution to alleviate interference among users and allocate spectrum resources equally to dense users. This scheme is modelled as a sub-region partition problem with maximum sum rate, which can disperse densely distributed users to different sub-bands for transmission. Secondly, the convergent power control (CPC) algorithm is considered to improve the transmission performance of each user. It can converge the transmit power to the optimal transmit power for reducing interference among co-channel users when there is no disturbance in the network. The CPC algorithm can also make the signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) of each active user always greater than the target threshold until the end of communication by dynamically adjusting the transmit power of users. Simulation results show that the joint scheme of MRFA and CPC achieves a higher system throughput and better user performance than existing frequency allocation schemes or power control schemes.
In this article, we propose two downlink (DL)-uplink (UL) decoupled (DUDe) user association schemes in wireless-powered full-duplex (FD) heterogeneous networks (HetNets). We consider a two-tier ...HetNet comprising of half-duplex (HD) massive multi-antenna macrocell base stations (MBSs) and dual-antenna FD small cell base stations (SBSs) to support UL and DL transmissions of FD user equipments (UEs). Each FD UE is first associated to one MBS/SBS, based on the mean maximum received power (MMP) scheme or maximum received power (MRP) to harvest energy. During the consecutive data transmission phase, UEs choose to receive DL traffic from the same MBSs/SBSs as that associated with during energy harvesting phase, and send UL traffic through the same/another SBS. Leveraging tools from the stochastic geometry, we develop an analytical framework to analyze the average harvested energy and derive expressions for the UL and DL coverage probabilities of the proposed DUDe user association schemes. Our results show that there is an optimal value for the SBS density in the wireless-powered FD HetNets, at which both DL and UL coverage probabilities are maximized. Moreover, by applying MMPA and MRPA scheme, wireless-powered FD HetNets with DUDe achieves up to 138.78% and 83.37% energy efficiency gain over the FD HetNets with DL/UL coupled user association scheme and without wireless power transfer, respectively.
Interference management and power transfer can provide a significant improvement over the 5th generation mobile networks (5G) dense Internet of Things (IoT) heterogeneous networks (HetNets). In this ...paper, we present a novel approach to simultaneously manage inferences at the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL), and to identify opportunities for power transfer and additional UL transmissions integrated with existing protocols and infrastructures for enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC) protocol in dense IoT HetNets, while considering practical non-linear energy harvesting (EH) model. The design is formulated as the joint optimization of interference aware UL/DL decoupling, airtime resource allocation and energy transfer. The key insight of our algorithm is to translate the original, intractable joint-optimization problem into a problem space where a good approximate solution can be quickly found. We evaluate our scheme through theoretical analysis and simulation. The evaluation shows that our approach improves the system utility by over 20% compared to start-of-the-art in dense IoT HetNets. Compared to alternative schemes, our approach maintains the best user fairness and rate experience and can solve the problem in a fast and scalable way.
In commercial interior green walls, plant trimming and replacement necessitated by stem elongation under low interior light levels is labor intensive and costly. Antigibberellin plant growth ...regulators (PGRs) may slow stem elongation and thus reduce maintenance costs in this environment. In Expt. 1, two PGRs were applied as foliar spray or drench to three spiderwort selections two of zebra plant ( Tradescantia zebrina ) and one of inch plant ( Tradescantia fluminensis ) immediately before installation in a green wall, each at three rates: ancymidol (ANC) foliar spray at 25, 100, and 200 mg·L −1 ; paclobutrazol (PBZ) foliar spray at 20, 80, and 160 mg·L −1 ; and PBZ drench at 1, 4, and 8 mg·L −1 , along with an untreated control. In Expt. 2, 80 mg·L −1 PBZ foliar spray, 1 mg·L −1 PBZ applied via subirrigation four times, and the combination of these two treatments, was evaluated on ‘Burgundy’ zebra plant. In both experiments, plants were placed in a vertical modular tray interior green wall. Change in total stem and specific internode length were measured every 14 days after installation for 3 months to calculate growth per month. Antigibberellin application slowed internode elongation of spiderwort selections during the first month after installation. Antigibberellins were more effective in zebra plant at reducing overall stem growth rate and less so on inch plant. Across the three spiderwort selections, 25 mg·L −1 foliar spray of ANC resulted in no difference in growth rate when compared with the control, although 100 to 200 mg·L −1 foliar spray was effective. Based on the results of both experiments, moderate and high rates of PBZ, applied both as a foliar spray and drench, resulted in similar reduction in stem elongation. PBZ applied as 20 to 80 mg·L −1 foliar spray, 4 mg·L −1 drench before installation in the wall, or a combination of an 80 mg·L −1 PBZ pre-installation foliar spray and recurring 1 mg·L −1 via subirrigation (four times) were effective at growth suppression of spiderworts for at least 3 months. Even rates of PBZ of 160 mg·L −1 foliar spray or 8 mg·L −1 drench did not show phytotoxicity in treated plants and could be considered for use. We recommend a pre-installation application of 80 mg·L −1 foliar spray or 4 mg·L −1 drench for controlling stem growth across spiderwort selections. Application of antigibberellin PGRs to plants before installation in green walls slows stem growth and can contribute to reduced maintenance costs.
This letter studies the mobility aware user-to-base station (BS) association policies, within a stochastic geometry framework, in two-tier uplink cellular networks with fractional channel inversion ...power control. Particularly, we model the BSs' locations using the widely accepted Poisson point process and obtain the coverage probability and handover cost expressions for the coupled and decoupled uplink and downlink associations. To this end, we compute the average throughput for the mobile users and study the merits and demerits of each association strategy.
The 3GPP has proposed enhanced intercell interference coordination (eICIC) by making the macrocell silent in the almost blank subframes (ABSs) to mitigate interference for low-power base stations ...(BSs) in the downlink direction. However, two important challenges are introduced: 1) the underutilization for macrocell in ABS and 2) the optimal downlink association may not be optimal for uplink transmission, i.e., downlink/uplink decoupling (DUDe). In this paper, we first propose a novel method based on configuring uplink transmission in the macrocell in ABSs (UM-ABS) for eICIC to improve the efficiency of the ABS. Then, the UM-ABS and DUDe are formulated as an optimization problem of investigating the joint load balancing of downlink and uplink for eICIC in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) while considering different service classes. The problem is actually a mixed binary integer programming problem, which is difficult to solve. We provide a relaxed-rounding solution to the model. Numerical results illustrate that the proposed algorithm achieves superior performance in comparison to state-of-the-art methods in terms of system throughput and the rate gain for users.
The Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) based ultra-dense network is the possible solution to cope up with the exponential growth in data traffic. The HetNet deployment provides benefits of load ...balancing, better connectivity and higher data rate to the users. However, the diversity in transmit power results in downlink (DL)/uplink (UL) imbalance and poses a serious issue in mobility management. Adoption of DL/UL decoupled (DUDe) handover (HO) method where DL and UL HO occurs separately which could possibly improve the user’s quality of service and network performance. The control parameters involved in this DUDe HO procedure should be properly configured to achieve the expected performance. In this work, simulation analysis has been carried out to explore the dependency of these control parameters on various factors such as Inter-Site-Distance (ISD), velocity and offloading. The analytical results provide interesting insights about the control parameter configuration in decoupled wireless connection. From the analysis results, measurement configuration strategy has been developed to configure the HCP in decoupled HO method. The results show the proposed method achieves increase in dwell time when compared to the legacy coupled HO method.
Bandwidth Optimization Techniques in Heterogeneous 5G Networks Using DUDe Tsachrelias, Konstantinos; Katsigiannis, Chrysostomos-Athanasios; Kokkinos, Vasileios ...
2023 6th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technologies and Networking (CommNet),
2023-Dec.-11
Conference Proceeding
The deployment of 5G networks has led to a significant increase in demand for high-speed data rates and improved overall network performance. HetNets are a promising solution for providing coverage ...and capacity enhancements for 5G networks. However, one of the key challenges in HetNets is the optimization of bandwidth allocation. Traditional resource allocation techniques are limited in their ability to provide efficient and effective solutions for 5G networks. To address this challenge, a novel technology called DUDe (Downlink/Uplink Decoupling) has been proposed. DUDe optimizes bandwidth allocation in HetNets by dynamically adjusting the allocation of network resources to user demand and network conditions. The motivation of this paper is to highlight the importance of DUDe technology in macro cell offloading in 5G HetNets. The paper evaluates the performance of DUDe in comparison to traditional resource allocation techniques and provides insights into the key factors that influence its effectiveness. Moreover, this paper presents a detailed analysis of simulations results and provides recommendations for future research. The findings of this study will be useful for network operators and researchers in developing more efficient and effective resource allocation strategies for 5G networks.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most significant neurodegenerative disorders and its symptoms mostly appear in aged people. Catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) is one of the known target ...enzymes responsible for AD. With the use of 23 known inhibitors of COMT, a query has been generated and validated by screening against the database of 1500 decoys to obtain the GH score and enrichment value. The crucial features of the known inhibitors were evaluated by the online ZINC Pharmer to identify new leads from a ZINC database. Five hundred hits were retrieved from ZINC Pharmer and by ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) filtering by using FAF-Drug-3 and 36 molecules were considered for molecular docking. From the COMT inhibitors, opicapone, fenoldopam, and quercetin were selected, while ZINC63625100_413 ZINC39411941_412, ZINC63234426_254, ZINC63637968_451, and ZINC64019452_303 were chosen for the molecular dynamics simulation analysis having high binding affinity and structural recognition. This study identified the potential COMT inhibitors through pharmacophore-based inhibitor screening leading to a more complete understanding of molecular-level interactions.
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