This paper aims to emphasize the significance of the Critical Infrastructures in a general European context, as well as a divided approach on the Romanian types of critical infrastructures and their ...specifics.
The main topics approached in the article are analyzing the processes undergone to identify and regulate Critical Infrastructures in the field of Transportation, Energy production, Water and sanitation, Nuclear Industry in Romania, as well as to adapt and standardize the Romanian legislation to the legislation of the European Union.
Although in the international literature the Critical Infrastructures are fully covered, the Romanian literature is scarce and not unified, due to the fact the Critical Infrastructure notion is new and in ongoing development.
The source that legislates which infrastructures are considered of critical importance in Romania is the emergency ordinance 98/2010, that has been repeatedly altered and is still subjected to critique and amendment attempts.
The author, as security representative of a private infrastructure in the energy field, proposes completions of the procedures that determine the criticality of an infrastructure in the energy field through the ACIS methodology.
There was proposed a set of directions for the Romanian Critical Infrastructures alignment, with the rules introduced by the European Critical Infrastructure Protection Program, and, as well, adaptations of the requirements of the European Commission in relation to the Council Directive no. 2008/114 / EC.
We were aiming to strengthen and increase the resilience of Romanian Critical Infrastructures, making them more efficient, smart and robust.
Шукаючи кваліфікованих спеціалістів у сфері ІТ та інформаційної безпеки роботодавці віддають перевагу кандидатам з професійними сертифікатами від надійних та всесвітньо визнаних організацій. ...Залучення сертифікованих фахівців дозволяє компанії максимально ефективно використовувати свій персонал і тим самим підвищувати конкурентоспроможність бізнесу. Для кваліфікованого спеціаліста сертифікат є запорукою його компетентності та основою впевненості в успішній професійній кар’єрі. Сьогодні ринок професійної сертифікації з ІТ та інформаційної безпеки пропонує як програми сертифікації від відомих виробників програмного або апаратного забезпечення, так і незалежні сертифікати, розроблені експертними організаціями в цій галузі і не пов’язані з продукцією окремих виробників. Незалежні сертифікації забезпечують комплексний підхід до інформаційної безпеки та гарантують, що сертифіковані спеціалісти є компетентними з технічних та управлінських аспектів захисту інформації, а також володіють широким спектром різноманітних знань і практичних навичок. У статті досліджено найбільш популярні й затребувані на ринку професійні сертифікаційні курси з інформаційної безпеки від (ISC)2, ISACA, EC-Council та CompTIA. Встановлено, що розглянуті сертифікації мають такі спільні риси: короткий термін навчання за програмами сертифікації, зазвичай 5-7 днів; поєднання в межах курсів як базових, так і спеціалізованих компонентів; використання під час навчання переважно відкритих апаратних і програмних засобів; поєднання різноманітних форм і методів навчання: очне або дистанційне навчання з інструктором, самостійне навчання, онлайн-тести та використання спеціальних навчальних платформ; проведення комплексного іспиту з подальшою видачею сертифіката; трирічний термін дії сертифіката, який необхідно підтверджувати шляхом участі в наукових та практичних заходах за спеціальністю. Дослідження ринку міжнародної сертифікації фахівців з інформаційної безпеки в Україні показало, що існує кілька компаній - акредитованих постачальників послуг професійної сертифікації: Треніговий центр ISSP, група компаній Fast Lane, Київське відділення ISACA, компанія PwC в Україні, які сертифікують фахівців із інформаційної безпеки шляхом проведення незалежних від виробників курсів, а також сертифікаційних програм від розробників програмного та апаратного забезпечення.
The article comments on a Grand Chamber judgment by the Court of the European Union on animal slaughter according to Islamic prescriptions. The relevant European Union laws prescribe that religious ...slaughter without stunning of the animal may only take place in approved slaughterhouses which causes a shortage during the Muslim feast of sacrifice in the Belgian province of Antwerp. The EU law provisions are in conformity with the animal welfare mainstreaming clause of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Moreover, the EU regulation and its application in the concrete case does not violate the fundamental right of free exercise of religion as guaranteed by the EU Fundamental Rights Charter. Finally, the refusal to make an exception for the peak demand for slaughter facilities during the feast does not constitute an indirect discrimination against Muslims. The paper agrees with the outcome of the judgment but criticises the Court for failing to consider the rights of religious minorities more broadly, and for not addressing the animal welfare point sufficiently.
In Segregation of Roma Children in Education, Sina Van den Bogaert examines, from the perspective of public international law, how the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities ...(Council of Europe) and the Racial Equality Directive 2000/43/EC (European Union) have contributed towards desegregation of Roma children in education in Europe.
In 2000, the European Union adopted a Directive against discrimination on the grounds of racial or ethnic origin. This book provides an in-depth evaluation of the Race Directive and its effects, ...questioning how successful the Race directive has been.
The EU Race Directive discusses the history of the fight against racial discrimination in the EU and the equality clauses in international Human Rights instruments. It then examines the terms race, racism and racial discrimination and equality in the Directive. The book also looks at the concepts of equality which can be distinguished in the Race Directive and in the subsequent developments at EU level. Examining whether the Directive has improved the protection against racial or ethnic origin discrimination for people within the EU, the book concludes with an assessment of how far the EU has come on the road to racial equality with the adoption of the Race Directive and the subsequent developments. It also contains proposals for possible improvements. The comprehensive and up-to-date analysis in this book goes beyond most other books written on the subject and the specific focus on racism and racial discrimination means a more thorough examination than most texts focusing on discrimination on a larger number of grounds.
This book will be of great value to students and academics in (European) law, social sciences and human rights, researching racism, racial discrimination, ethnicity and race relations. It will also be useful for policy makers.
Geographical indications in performing their function of identification of goods are often linked with trademarks, particularly because in a number of WTO members GIs are protected as trademarks. ...However, even though there are some similarities between GIs and trademarks, they are different legal concepts of intellectual property rights. The possibility of conflicts between GIs and trademarks is recognised both in national and international legislation. This article reviews cases dealt with by the European Court of Justice involving conflicts between geographical indications and trademarks and inquires into the WTO dispute, which examined relevant EU provisions on GIs and trademarks.
This book examines the substantive provisions of the Racial Equality Directive for Minority Protection (RED) and their implementation in four EU Member States (Belgium, Estonia, Hungary, and the ...Netherlands). The book follows the structure of the RED and consists of six substantive chapters, each of which corresponds with one aspect of the substantive section of the RED. Each chapter is divided into a theoretical part examining whether RED offers effective mechanisms for minority protection, as well as a practical part covering national case studies. The book concludes that the RED offers a range of possibilities to establish an inclusive and effective anti-discrimination regime on the national level and presents recommendations to make the RED more effective. The case study section of each chapter contains an overview of the way in which each of these four Member States has implemented the RED provisions. The study shows that the RED has a clear impact at the national level and has undeniably a converging effect, by producing, to a considerable extent, similar terms and concepts in national anti-discrimination law. It gives suggestions for improvement at the national level to further enhance minority protection, and it will be of interest to academics and professionals in the field of human rights, political science, and constitutional rights.
This article presents a method for a comparative assessment of process technologies from a cleaner production point of view as well as the results of testing this method in practice. Based on these ...results and on an analysis of existing technology information systems, an estimation is made of the general possibilities and limitations of a comparative assessment of process technologies from a cleaner production point of view. Finally, the resulting consequences for the definition of `best available techniques' in accordance with the new EC Council Directive Concerning Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) are discussed. This article argues that apart from the difficulties related to the valuation of different kinds of materials and energy a major limiting factor is caused by the fact that the function of a production has to be defined very precisely to enable a comparison between different types of process technologies in sufficient detail.
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