After the financial crisis of 2008, the European Union (‘EU’) not only increased its substantial legislation regarding financial services, but also built up a strong and unified system of financial ...market supervision. In particular, central surveillance authorities were created. These were given far-reaching competences with regard to substituting dysfunctional national authorities or players in the financial services sector. The three European Economic Area (‘EEA’) and European Free Trade Association (‘EFTA’) States—Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway—participate in the EU's internal market through their membership of the EEA. In order to continue participating on an equal footing in the internal market for financial services and to honour their duty to maintain homogeneity, the EEA EFTA States also had to incorporate the new institutional setup regarding financial services supervision. This obligation, however, in particular relating to certain intrusive powers of the new surveillance authorities, collided with some constitutional reservations, above all of the two Nordic EEA EFTA States. This article will show how these conflicting aims could be merged into a system that on the one hand guarantees the unified overall approach needed for strengthened surveillance of the internal market for financial services, and on the other hand safeguards certain constitutional reservations of the EEA EFTA States. It also looks at how third countries that do not (fully) participate in the internal market, such as the United Kingdom and Switzerland, are likely to be treated in this context by the EU.
The United Kingdom has voted to leave the European Union and, until the terms of the 'Brexit' are negotiated, this has led to considerable uncertainty over the future practice of environmental impact ...assessment (EIA) and strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in the UK. Here we show that multiple obligations exist outside the scope of the EU which mean that EIA and SEA will continue to be required in the long term, but that their future compliance with the Directives remains unclear. We consider three scenarios for Brexit and present the implications of each; these are: signing up to the European Economic Area (EEA) Agreement; membership of the European Free Trade Association, but not EEA, or negotiate a separate agreement. The implications of no longer being subjected to the obligations of the Directives under some scenarios are discussed and include opening the door for increasing diversity of application across the regions of the UK, and the probability of raised screening thresholds so as to reduce the burden of assessment on developers.
Collaborations are particularly important for the development and deployment of technology. We analyse the influence of organizational, technological and geographical proximity on European ...nanotechnology collaborations with the help of a publication dataset and additional geographical information. While organizational proximity influences the output of collaborations only indirectly, geographical and technological proximity do so directly. Geographical proximity is most significant in statistical terms and technological proximity has the highest magnitude of effect. Consequently, the latter lends itself most for management and policy interventions, for example, by providing information on technological specialization of potential partners.
Resumen
Las colaboraciones son especialmente importantes para el desarrollo y el despliegue tecnológico. Se analiza la influencia de la proximidad organizacional, tecnológica y geográfica en colaboraciones europeas en nanotecnología, con la ayuda de un conjunto de datos publicados e información geográfica adicional. Si bien la proximidad organizacional influye en el resultado de las colaboraciones solo de manera indirecta, las proximidades geográfica y tecnológica influyen directamente. La proximidad geográfica es la más significativa en términos estadísticos y la proximidad tecnológica tiene la magnitud del efecto más elevada. Consecuentemente, esta última se presta más a las intervenciones de gestión y de políticas, por ejemplo, facilitando información sobre la especialización tecnológica de socios potenciales.
EU country and EFTA country export differences Óskarsson, Guðmundur Kristján; Kristjánsdóttir, Helga
Journal of risk and financial management,
04/2021, Letnik:
14, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This research seeks to analyze the export differences facing countries in the EU and EFTA. This is firstly to analyze the effects on international trade of the trade bloc of the European Union (EU), ...and secondly the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and provide a comparison of these two. This research seeks to analyze exports determinants to answer these two questions. There are two countries selected for this study, the small EFTA country Iceland, and the large EU country UK, before BREXIT. We apply a gravity model in our econometric analysis, with exports dependent on the gross domestic product, population, and geographic distance. We estimate these effects on the exports of both the UK and Iceland in separate equation systems. We conclude that exports from the UK, before BREXIT, are more negatively affected by geographical distance than exports for the EFTA country Iceland, when corrected for gross domestic product and population size.
On the occasion of its tenth anniversary, the EFTA Court held a conference at which speakers were asked to reflect on the case law of the Court and its role in the European Economic Area (EEA). In ...the course of its work, the Court has acted as a driving force of integration under the EEA Agreement, by establishing general principles such as state liability and giving landmark judgments in several areas of European law. The essays in this volume, by leading experts and high-ranking representatives of national and European courts, cover areas such as the relationship between the principle of free movement and national or collective preferences on the EU/EEA and WTO levels, the relationship between the European courts and the Member States in European integration, homogeneity as a general principle of European integration, and the importance of judicial dialogue. In this regard, the sentence from President Skouris of the Court of Justice of the European Communities, who called the dialogue between the EFTA Court and the EC Court ‘a shining example of judicial cooperation’, could also serve as a motto for the present book.
The decision of the United Kingdom (UK) to withdraw from the European Union (EU) raises the question of how to shape their post-Brexit relations. The EU has developed various forms of external ...differentiated integration with neighbouring countries, whereby the members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) enjoy the most far-reaching access to the internal market. This article discusses the conditions under which the UK could join EFTA, the EFTA countries’ European Economic Area with the EU, or a similar arrangement. In light of the UK’s desire to conduct an independent trade policy, to contain immigration, and to take back control of laws, lessons are drawn from EFTA’s experience for trade, the free movement of persons, and institutional issues.
The article focuses on the regulation of the free movement of workers under Agreement on the European Economic Area in the light of the considered accession of the United Kingdom to this agreement ...after the Brexit takes place. The participation in the European Economic Area would keep the United Kingdom part of the EU internal market including the free movement of workers. The article tries to answer the question on the degree of flexibility in the EEA Agreement which would give space for the UK to pursue its own policies on the movement of workers. The article argues that structurally the EEA Agreement gives a space for some flexibility, however, only in case of very specific circumstances.
Whilst the European Union’s aim of achieving an ‘ever closer Union’ is not an objective of EEA cooperation, homogeneity demands that we follow the same path: as the Union gets ever closer, so too ...does EEA cooperation, in light of the demands of the fundamental principle of homogeneity. This is particularly well demonstrated by looking at developments in the field of the free movement of persons. The case law of the Court of Justice of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA Court) in this field shows that in situations where homogeneity is put to the test, there seems little to suggest that a more national sovereignty-friendly approach has been adopted than under EU law. Notwithstanding the integral differences between the EU and EEA legal constructs, the EFTA Court has proven highly adept at keeping pace with EU developments in the field through a number of bold and creative interpretations of EEA law, and by using different tools to arrive at uniform conclusions.
"Para que la inmigracion proporcione la esperada contribucion para cumplir la demanda de personal preparado, sera necesario ademas un incremento significativo en la inmigracion para el empleo - ...tanto de paises de la UE/EFTA como de fuera", dijo la OCDE. Alemania ha de hacer mas para venderse como un destino atractivo, segun la OCDE, que ha instado al Gobierno a modernizar los procedimientos administrativos para la contratacion de trabajadores extranjeros, lo que las firmas mas pequenas y los nuevos usuarios encuentran particularmente desmotivador. "Hay una creencia extendida de que Alemania no es lo suficientemente competitiva en la pugna mundial para atraer talento, pese a un mercado laboral relativamente robusto, una preparacion y un sistema industrial bien considerado, y un elevado nivel de vida. Deberian ofrecerse condiciones mas generosas a trabajadores formados reclutados en el extranjeros", dijo el informe. (c) 2013 NoticiasFinancieras - (c) 2013 GDA - El Mercurio - All rights reserved
The article analyses trends in the territorial and commodity structure of the Czech foreign agrarian trade and aims to identify changes which have occurred during the last decade. The main emphasis ...has been put on the period after the accession to the EU. Primarily such changes are identified, that occurred in the relation to the EU-Member States and to third countries. The results show that the value of agricultural exports and imports was growing during the surveyed period while the growth rate of agricultural exports was above the growth rate of agricultural imports. Agricultural exports increased from CZK 78 billion in 2005 to more than CZK 160 billion in 2013 and the imports rose from CZK 103 billion to more than CZK 184 billion in the same period. The territorial structure of the foreign agrarian trace is continuously concentrating on the EU-Single Market, both in terms of exports and imports. Exports of milk, milk products, cereals, beverages, food preparations, tobacco and tobacco manufactures, cereal preparations, food residues and waste, oilseeds, vegetable fats and oils, sugar and confectionery belong to the most important commodity aggregations. The share of processed products in the total exports increased and reached currently about 7%. The export – import coverage ratio reached a satisfactory trend as well. Although the Czech Republic does not have ideal conditions for the export-oriented agriculture, the country is able to gain comparative advantages, at least at the level of following aggregations: HS10, HS01, HS12, HS24, HS04, HS17, HS15, HS11, HS16, HS22, HS03 a HS13.
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