Winston Churchill And The European Union Troitiño, David Ramiro; Chochia, Archil
Baltic journal of law & politics,
6/2015, Letnik:
8, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Given Winston Churchill’s influence and achievement as a writer, historian, adventurer, soldier, artist, and politician, his participation in the European integration process is crucial to ...understanding the entire scope of the project in its origins. Churchill was a fundamental voice promoting the Franco-British Union, a promoter of the European Communities, and an active participant of the Congress of Europe, embryo of the Council of Europe. This article analyzes Churchill’s view of European integration through his political speeches, in particular those delivered in Zurich and in The Hague, his ideas about the League of Nations and the United Nations, his understanding of the British Empire, and the special relations between the UK and the USA. His participation in the process of uniting Europe in its early stages provides us with essential information about the original plans for the creation of a united Europe and understanding the traditional British approach to the EU, including the current position of the conservative government led by Cameron.
The paper studies the correlation between the FDI and the GDP in the EU15 member states, between 1980 and 2014. The FDI was set as an independent variable, and the GDP as a dependent variable. The ...aim of the paper is to study the correlation between the FDI and the GDP in the states that founded the EU (then the EEC) or joined the EEC/EU up to 1996. The following research hypotheses were set: no. 1, stating that the FDI and the GDP in the EU15 member states show a significant correlation, and research hypothesis no. 2, claiming that EU15 member states of "the EU15 economic periphery" show a higher correlation than the EU15 member states of "the EU15 economic core". The NULL hypothesis, which claims that the FDI and the GDP in EU15 member states do not show a significant correlation, was also set. The Pearson correlation coefficient values verified the research hypotheses for most of the studied states.
During the past decade, Europe was confronted with major changes and events offering large opportunities for mobility. The EU enlargement process, the EU policies regarding youth, the economic crisis ...affecting national economies on different levels, political instabilities in some European countries, high rates of unemployment or the increasing number of refugees are only a few of the factors influencing net migration in Europe. Based on a set of socio-economic indicators for EU/EFTA countries and cluster analysis, the paper provides an overview of regional differences across European countries, related to migration magnitude in the identified clusters. The obtained clusters are in accordance with previous studies in migration, and appear stable during the period of 2005-2013, with only some exceptions. The analysis revealed three country clusters: EU/EFTA center-receiving countries, EU/EFTA periphery-sending countries and EU/EFTA outlier countries, the names suggesting not only the geographical position within Europe, but the trends in net migration flows during the years. Therewith, the results provide evidence for the persistence of a movement from periphery to center countries, which is correlated with recent flows of mobility in Europe.
The key issue decided by the EFTA Court in its judgment Icesave was whether the European banking legislation in 2008 required European Union (EU) Member States and therefore also Member States of the ...European Economic Area (EEA ) to
nationalize private debt left by the bankruptcy of Landsbanki bank in the UK and the Netherlands (Icesave branches) when this debt lacked a connection to the Icelandic economy and territory. Did European law (EU / EEA) require at the time and place to
convert part of that private bank debt (guaranteed deposits) into sovereign debt?. The answer, at least for events in Icelandic adjudicated under the earlier Directive 94/19/EC on deposit guarantee schemes is negative. The Court further finds that there was no discrimination neither under the scope of the directive in question (which was not even applied) nor under the general prohibition of discrimination under Article 4 EEA Agreement (failure of comparison test). This article argues that while the Court's conclusion is accurate, its legal reasoning leaves two legal essential questions unanswered. Firstly, discrimination
on the grounds of territory is a separate category that is not prohibited by EU/EEA law. Secondly, this is a question of powers reserved exclusively to the State. Given that the European banking legislation then in force left intact the fiscal and budgetary
sovereign powers of the EU/EEA States, the emergency measures adopted by Iceland fell outside the scope of the harmonized European law. The effectiveness of European law cannot be extended indefinitely to impose State responsibility for breach of law EU / EEA in these circumstances.
La cuestión clave decidida por el Tribunal de la Asociación Europea de Libre Comercio (AELC) en su sentencia Icesave fue si la legislación bancaria europea obligaba en 2008 a los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea (EU) y por ende del Espacio Económico Europeo (EEE) a nacionalizar la deuda dejada por el colapso del banco Landsbanki en el Reino Unido y los Países Bajos (sucursales Icesave) cuando esta deuda carecía de una conexión con la economía de Islandia y su territorio. ¿Imponía el Derecho europeo (UE / EEE) en aquel momento y lugar la obligación de convertir parte de esa deuda bancaria privada (depósitos garantizados) en deuda soberana?. La respuesta, al menos en el caso islandés y por acontecimientos juzgados en el marco de la anterior Directiva 94/19/ CE sobre sistemas de garantía de depósitos, es negativa. El Tribunal estima además que tampoco existió discriminación ni bajo el ámbito de la Directiva en cuestión (que no se aplicó siquiera) ni bajo la prohibición general de discriminación del Artículo 4 Acuerdo EEE
(por fallar el test de comparación). Este artículo argumenta que, si bien la conclusión del Tribunal es acertada, deja sin elaboración jurídica dos cuestiones jurídicas esenciales. En primer lugar, la discriminación por territorio es una categoría distinta que no está prohibida por el Derecho UE/EEA. En segundo lugar, estamos ante una cuestión de competencias reservadas de forma exclusiva al Estado. Dado que la legislación bancaria europea entonces en vigor dejaba intactos los poderes soberanos fiscales y presupuestarios de los Estados de la UE/EEE, las medidas de emergencia adoptadas por Islandia cayeron fuera del ámbito de aplicación del Derecho europeo. La efectividad del Derecho europeo no puede extenderse ilimitadamente para imponer la responsabilidad del Estado por incumplimiento
del Derecho UE/EEA en estas circunstancias.
The paper shows that Croatia trades more with higher income and closer countries, which is in line with the standard gravity model assumption, and that a strong bias exists towards trade with ...countries of the former Yugoslavia. In addition, Croatian accession to the European Union proved to affect trade positively. On the other hand, free trade agreements signed with non-EU countries do not have a statistically significant and positive effect on Croatian trade. Although the positive impact of Croatia’s membership in Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) did not prove to be robust, this could be explained by its strong overlap with the group of countries from former Yugoslavia. Additionally, it was found that the crisis affected the determinants of Croatian exports and imports in different ways and that some disparities exist between trade in goods and trade in goods and services.
The EuroGroups Register Agne Bikauskaite; August Götzfried; Zsolt Völfinger
Statistika (Prague, Czech Republic),
01/2019, Letnik:
99, Številka:
1
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Globalisation presents significant statistical challenges, particularly for small and open economies in terms of measuring statistical indicators and communicating the results to users. The European ...Statistical System allocated high priority to the better measuring of globalisation in the statistical processes and output, in business or macro-economic statistics. Some concrete actions were already undertaken such as setting up of the EuroGroups Register of multinational enterprise groups and the putting in place of a so-called Early-warning System for monitoring restructurings of the groups. This paper focuses on the EuroGroups Register (EGR), the central statistical business register of Eurostat and the EU and EFTA countries' statistical authorities. The EGR is part of the EU statistical infrastructure and has been built up to better capture globalisation effects as well as for improving the consistency of national data on enterprise groups.
In this article, we first discuss the need to augment reported flows of international migration in Europe with additional knowledge gained from experts on measurement, quality and coverage. Second, ...we present our method for eliciting this information. Third, we describe how this information is converted into prior distributions for subsequent use in a Bayesian model for estimating migration flows amongst countries in the European Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The article concludes with an assessment of the importance of expert information and a discussion of lessons learned from the elicitation process.
Der mit dem sog. Vertrag von Rom vor 40 Jahren initiierte Prozeß der wirtschaftlichen und politischen Integration Europas zeichnet sich durch eine Tendenz zur Selbstverstärkung aus. Dies gilt sowohl ...für den Grad der Intensität des Integrationsprozesses als auch für die geographische Ausdehnung des Integrationsraums. Inzwischen wird freilich zunehmend manifest, daß dieses zweidimensionale Wachstum zu einem integrationspolitischen Spannungsverhältnis, ja zu einem Dilemma führt: Je weiter die wirtschaftlich-politische Integration fortschreitet, desto mächtiger werden die Hürden, die beitrittswillige Staaten überwinden müssen, bevor sie Mitglieder der Gemeinschaft werden können. Es gilt aber vor allem auch der umgekehrte Zusammenhang: Je größer die Zahl der beteiligten Staaten wird, desto dringender, aber auch schwieriger wird eine Reform der institutionellen Strukturen (wirtschafts-)politischer Willens- und Entscheidungsbildung auf Gemeinschaftsebene. -- Dieses Dilemma erscheint in der aktuellen Entwicklung der Integration Europas ausgeprägter als jemals zuvor. So setzt die Teilnahme an der geplanten Europäischen Währungsunion nicht nur für Mitgliedstaaten die Erfüllung bestimmter Kriterien voraus, es werden damit gleichzeitig auch die Zugangsbarrieren künftiger Aspiranten einer Vollmitgliedschaft weiter erhöht. Umgekehrt führt die Osterweiterung dazu, daß die Europäische Union in hohem Maße entscheidungsunfähig wird und sich kaum finanzierbaren Beihilfeansprüchen gegenübersieht, wenn nicht vor Vollzug dieser Erweiterung die internen Entscheidungsstrukturen und die Beihilfepolitik den Bedingungen der größeren und heterogeneren Gemeinschaft angepaßt werden. -- Angesichts der Aktualität dieser Thematik hat sich der Wirtschaftspolitische Ausschuß des Vereins für Socialpolitik schon wiederholt (zuletzt 1996) mit den Erfolgschancen der Europäischen
Währungsunion und dem durch diese monetäre Integration bedingten (wirtschafts-)politischen Handlungsbedarf beschäftigt. -- Dem Thema der Osterweiterung war dagegen erstmals die jüngste Tagung gewidmet. Die dabei vorgetragenen und diskutierten Beiträge werden hiermit der Öffentlichkeit vorgelegt. Acht Autoren beschäftigen sich mit einem breiten Spektrum wirtschaftspolitischer Probleme, die die geplante Osterweiterung der Europäischen Union aufwirft. InhaltsverzeichnisInhalt: N. Eickhof, Osterweiterung der Europäischen Union: Ausgangslage, Auswirkungen und Anpassungserfordernisse - S. F. Franke, CEFTA und Europäische Union. Beitritt oder Erweiterung des Europäischen Wirtschaftsraumes? - H. Hauser / M. Kamm, Wie homogen ist der zukünftige gesamteuropäische Freihandelsraum EU-EFTA-Osteuropa? - J. Kruse, Verfassungspolitische Postulate für die Europäische Union - U. Koester, Anpassungsbedarf in der EU-Agrarpolitik als Folge der Osterweiterung - T. Straubhaar, Osterweiterung der Europäischen Union und Migration aus Ost- nach Westeuropa - W. Schäfer, Zur monetären Integration mittel- und osteuropäischer Länder in die Europäische Union - H. Ribhegge, Die Osterweiterung der Europäischen Union als Herausforderung für die neuen Bundesländer im Transformationsprozeß ReiheSchriften des Vereins für Socialpolitik - Band 255.
This article compares the strategies of Chile and Norway toward free trade agreements (FTAs) and the market access results achieved for salmon, showing that Chile has been more successful than ...Norway. Hence, the article addresses whether Norway will be able to compete with Chile with regard to better market access for salmon through FTAs. The second part of the article analyses the trade interests and the institutional frameworks chosen to pursue FTAs, emphasizing how these two countries operate under different conditions for market access improvement, which in turn can make it difficult for Norway to take the market access lead from Chile.
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