This study demonstrates the importance of considering potential land use and management changes in climate impact research. By taking into account possible trends of economic development and ...environmental awareness, we assess effects of global warming on water availability and quality in the catchments of four European lagoons:
Ria de Aveiro
(Portugal),
Mar Menor
(Spain),
Vistula Lagoon
(Poland and Russia), and
Tyligulskyi Liman
(Ukraine). Different setups of the process-based soil and water integrated model (SWIM), representing one reference and four socio-economic scenarios for each study area: the “business as usual”, “crisis”, “managed horizons”, and “set-aside” scenarios are driven by sets of 15 climate scenarios for a reference (1971–2000) and near future (2011–2040) scenario period. Modeling results suggest a large spatial variability of potential impacts across the study areas, due to differences in the projected precipitation trends and the current environmental and socio-economic conditions. While climate change may reduce water and nutrients input to the
Ria de Aveiro
and
Tyligulsyi Liman
and increase water inflow to the
Vistula Lagoon
the socio-economic scenarios and their implications may balance out or reverse these trends. In the intensely managed
Mar Menor
catchment, climate change has no notable direct impact on water resources, but changes in land use and water management may certainly aggravate the current environmental problems. The great heterogeneity among results does not allow formulating adaptation or mitigation measures at pan-European level, as initially intended by this study. It rather implies the need of a regional approach in coastal zone management.
Introduction: December 2019 marked the beginning of the outbreak of the coronavirus, a disease that began in China and the city of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province, and soon spread rapidly, ...involving individuals and health organizations. Finally, on March 11, the head of the World Health Organization identified coronavirus as a pandemic disease, and the world entered a new phase in the fight against the disease. In this article, we are going to discuss the changes in health behaviors, demographic and economic changes.
À partir de l'analyse comparée des structures de prix immobiliers des cent principales aires urbaines françaises, cet article remet en cause l'idée de prédominance d'un modèle centre-périphérie « ...classique », selon lequel les prix diminuent avec l'éloignement au centre. Alors que le modèle « classique » sous-tend bon nombre de travaux dans le champ des études urbaines, deux autres modèles principaux peuvent être identifiés. Une comparaison approfondie des évolutions urbaines de Lyon et Marseille-Aix, deux aires suivant des modèles immobiliers opposés, permet de poser les jalons d'une sociogenèse des divisions sociales de l'espace et d'expliquer ainsi la formation des deux structures de prix observées. Partant de ces deux études de cas, l'article montre comment la valeur des lieux se construit à travers des processus cumulatifs reposant sur l'interaction sur le long terme entre dynamiques de peuplement, mutations socioéconomiques et politiques urbaines. Il souligne en outre comment des processus généraux tels que la métropolisation produisent des effets différenciés sur des structures urbaines elles-mêmes différenciées. Enfin, l'article insiste sur la nécessité de placer l'immobilier au centre de l'analyse des formes de structuration socio-spatiale de la ville. Based on a comparative analysis of real estate price structures in a hundred major French urban areas, this article challenges the idea of the predominance of the "classic" centre–periphery model, according to which prices decrease with distance from the centre. While this "classic" model underpins much work in the field of urban studies, two other models can be identified. A detailed comparison of urban development of Lyon and Marseille-Aix, two areas that have followed opposing models, helps lay the groundwork for a sociogenetic study of social divisions of space and thus to explaining the observed emergence of two price structures. Using these two case studies as a starting point, the article shows how the value of places is constructed through a cumulative process based on the interaction between long-term population dynamics, socioeconomic change and urban policies. It also highlights how general processes, such as metropolitanization, produce different effects on urban structures which themselves differ. Finally, the article stresses the need to place the real estate market at the centre of the analysis of forms of sociospatial structuring of the city. Aufgrund der vergleichenden Analyse der Immobilien Preisstrukturen in den hundert hauptsächlichen französischen Stadtgebieten, stellt dieser Aufsatz den Gedanken in Frage, daß es ein vorherrschendes „klassisches“ Modell Zentrum-Peripherie gibt, wonach die Preise in Verhältnis zur Entfernung zum Zentrum geringer werden. Während vielen Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der Stadtstudien das „klassische“ Modell zugrunde liegt, können andererseits zwei wichtige Modelle identifiziert werden. Ein tiefgehender Vergleich der Stadtentwicklungen von Lyon und Marseille-Aix, zwei Gebiete die gegenteilige Immobilienmodelle darstellen, erlaubt, die ersten Schritte einer Soziogenese der sozialen Raumaufteilungen festzulegen und somit die Bildung der beiden betrachteten Preisstrukturen zu erklären. Anhand dieser beiden Fallstudien zeigt der Aufsatz wie der Lagewert sich bildet aufgrund von kumulativen Prozessen, die sich auf die langzeit-Interaktion gründen zwischen Besiedlungsdynamiken, soziowirtschaftlichen Wandlungen und Stadtpolitik. Er unterstreicht weiterhin wie allgemeine Prozesse wie die Metropolisierung differenzierte Auswirkungen auf die ihrerseits differenzierten Stadtstrukturen hervorrufen. Uns schließlich unterstreicht der Aufsatz die Notwendigkeit, die Immobilien als Kernpunkt der Analyse der sozioräumlichen Strukturierungsformen der Stadt zu behandeln. A partir del análisis comparado de las estructuras de los precios inmobiliarios de las cien principales áreas urbanas francesas, este artículo cuestiona la idea del predominio de un modelo centro-periferia "clásico", según el cual los precios disminuyen con el alejamiento del centro. Mientras que el modelo "clásico" es la base de numerosos trabajos en el campo de los estudios urbanos, se pueden identificar otros dos modelos principales. Una comparación pormenorizada de las evoluciones urbanas de las ciudades de Lyon y Marsella-Aix, dos áreas que siguen modelos inmobiliarios opuestos, permite preparar el terreno para una sociogénesis de las divisiones sociales del espacio y explicar así la formación de las dos estructuras de precio observadas. Partiendo de estos dos estudios de caso, el artículo muestra cómo se construye el precio del espacio a través de procesos acumulativos que reposan en la interacción a largo plazo entre dinámicas de poblamiento, cambios socioeconómicos y políticas urbanas. Subraya además la manera como procesos generales, como el de metropolización, producen efectos diferenciados si se aplican a estructuras urbanas a su vez diferenciadas. Por fin, el artículo hace hincapié en la necesidad de colocar los bienes inmobiliarios en el centro del análisis de las formas de estructuración socio espacial de la ciudad.
We present a critique of a paper written by two economists, Quamrul Ashraf and Oded Galor, which is forthcoming in the American Economic Review and which was uncritically highlighted in Science ...magazine. Their paper claims there is a causal effect of genetic diversity on economic success, positing that too much or too little genetic diversity constrains development. In particular, they argue that "the high degree of diversity among African populations and the low degree of diversity among Native American populations have been a detrimental force in the development of these regions." We demonstrate that their argument is seriously flawed on both factual and methodological grounds. As economists and other social scientists begin exploring newly available genetic data, it is crucial to remember that nonexperts broadcasting bold claims on the basis of weak data and methods can have profoundly detrimental social and political effects. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
The Belt and Road (B&R) is a new strategy and measure for China to extend its opening up. To explore the influence of the spatiotemporal distribution of the national road network along the B&R on ...economic growth, this paper adopts the subjective and objective integrated weighting method to build a regional economic evaluation model, a transportation network evaluation model, and an economy–transportation coupling coordination degree model (E-T model). We also quantitatively analyze and evaluate the coordinated development of the economy and transportation in the countries along the B&R. Our results show that: (1) There are some differences in the comprehensive scores of economic level and transportation network in different countries, and the B&R has promoted the general economic and transportation level of various countries. (2) Approximately 84% of the countries have not reached a good coordination level, and the regional differences are significant, which indicates that the overall economic and transportation coupling coordination needs to be improved. (3) In recent years, driven by the B&R, the coupling coordination of approximately 30% of the countries has improved significantly. Therefore, the B&R not only has a positive impact on the economy and transportation of countries along the belt but also plays an important role in coordinating the economic and transportation development of countries, which is of great strategic significance.
The objective of this review is to demonstrate the non-linear properties of the Cuban process of agricultural development by characterizing and analyzing recent historical changes in this process, ...using the theoretical and methodological approach of adaptive renovation cycles. These changes are summed up in four stages: i) The stage of growth, which followed the period of the latifundio (large extensions of land devoted to monoculture or livestock), involved a series of structural changes oriented toward diversifying production and guaranteeing food self-sufficiency; during this stage, the nation's agricultural production was organized into State businesses, State farms, and small farmers' cooperatives. ii) During the stage of agricultural maturity, Cuba adopted the dominant global tendency of increasing productivity through mechanization, based on use of high levels of agrochemicals; this was accompanied by environmental costs, and depended on high priced exports of sugarcane, coffee, tobacco, and citrus, and low priced imports of processed foods to meet the population's dietary needs, through a commercial agreement with the socialist nations of Eastern Europe. iii) The stage of collapse occurred due to the late 1990s economic crisis which resulted in loss of access to markets of machinery, fuels, and other inputs; ensuing problems included soil erosion, groundwater contamination, and deforestation. iv) During the renovation stage, agriculture was reoriented toward cleaner production based on agroecology, organic practices, innovation, and collective learning. At the national level, the Farmer to Farmer Agroecology Movement was developed on rural family farms. Furthermore, the “urban agriculture” movement sprung up on small urban and peri-urban plots. Currently, regardless of the type of land ownership, agriculture in Cuba is oriented toward agroecology and cleaner production.
Global production and trade networks have significant transformative effects on production regimes across the Global South, and tend to produce particular work regimes and workplaces at the sites of ...production. CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) interventions similarly seek to reshape production processes in their search to improve labour conditions and protect workers' rights. However, workers' voices and their preferences for particular work regimes and employment conditions are rarely considered in such debates. Drawing on data from the Tiruppur garment cluster in South India, the article presents ethnographic evidence on what workers themselves make of the work regimes and ethical codes of labour practice produced under neoliberal governance. It explores how garment workers engage with different labour regimes and why some workers actively seek to avoid employment in companies where Fordist regimes prevail and CSR policies are implemented. Such avoidance and exit strategies amount to a critique of particular neoliberal labour regimes that seek to control labour and curtail its freedom and dignity at work.
On Science Ray, Tuhina; Ray, Urmie
2021, 2020
eBook
On Science: Concepts, Cultures and Limits explores science and its relationship with religion, philosophy, ethics, mathematics, and socio-economic changes.
The book gives an overview of the ...metaphysical contexts in which science emerged and the particular forms science has taken in history. It examines the preoccupation of ancient cultures with the validity of interpretations of natural phenomena, the role of the study of materials in the substantiation of the conceptual world, and the establishment of modern science on both experimentation and mathematics. This theoretical discussion is illustrated by a host of examples from physics to the life sciences, which highlight how current concepts developed over the centuries, or even millennia.
The volume underscores some of the weaknesses inherent in a scientific approach, and how in the modern context of a wealth-driven technological orientation, these have been conducive to a gradual distortion of science into its exact opposite, a dogmatic faith.
It further discusses the nature of scientific education in the world, and how conditions can be created to ensure pioneering creativity and to preserve scientific rigor.
The book will be of great interest to scholars, teachers, and researchers of science, the metaphysics and philosophy of science, mathematics, science and technology studies, epistemology, ethics, history, and sociology. It will also be useful for general readers who are interested in the history of scientific discoveries and ideas as well as in the issues surrounding science today, in particular its relations with many urgent problems.
This study develops a factorial Bayesian least-squares support vector machine-based energy–water–environment nexus system optimization (i.e., FBL–EWEO) model. FBL–EWEO can provide dependable ...predictions for electricity demand, quantify the interactions among different factors, and present optimal system planning strategies. The application to Fujian Province is driven by three global climate models (i.e., GCMs) under two SSPs, as well as two levels of economic and social factors’ growth rates. Results revealed in the planning horizon: (1) Fujian would encounter rainy and warming trends (e.g., 2.17645, 4.51247 mm/year of precipitation and 0.0072, 0.0073 °C/year of mean temperature); (2) economic, social, and climatic factors contribute 62.30%, 35.50%, and 1.47% to electricity demand variations; (3) electricity demand would grow with time (increase by 64.21, 74.79%); (4) the ratio of new energy power would rise to 70.84, 73.53%; (5) authorities should focus on photovoltaic and wind power plants construction (their proportions increase from 0.81, 1.83% to 9.14, 9.56%, 1.33, 4.16% to 11.44, 15.58%, respectively); and (6) air pollutants/CO2 emissions would averagely decline 51.97, 53.90%, and water consumption would decrease 41.77%, 42.25%. Findings provide technical support to sustainable development.
U članku se analiziraju stambena naselja RE u Sloveniji s obzirom na njihovu kvalitetu i integritet koje su se mijenjale ovisno o socio-ekonomskim okolnostima: najprije u kontekstu socijalističkog ...društvenog poretka u vrijeme Jugoslavije (1945.-1990.), a zatim nakon stjecanja državne neovisnosti u okolnostima slobodnog tržišta. Rad donosi istraživanje stambenih naselja u Mariboru u različitim vremenskim razdobljima. Rezultati ukazuju na kvalitativne razlike u razdoblju skandinavskog utjecaja, kao i parametre inženjerske ekonomije nakon stambene reforme i tržišne ekonomije nakon stjecanja nezavisnosti.
The paper identifies the quality and integrity of residential environment RE in Slovenia that changed according to socio-economic circumstances when the new socialist society in the Yugoslav era (1945-1990) was formed and was substantially changed in the post-independence era of the liberal market society. The research of RE from different periods was conducted in the city of Maribor. The results indicate differences in quality in the period of the Scandinavian influence, engineering economy parameters after the housing reform, and of the market economy after independency.
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