In documenting Covid-19 racial disparities, we must contextualize such data with adequate analysis. Disparity figures without explanatory context can perpetuate harmful myths and misunderstandings ...that actually undermine the goal of eliminating health inequities.
When more than twenty million immigrants arrived in the United States between 1880 and 1920, the government attempted to classify them according to prevailing ideas about race and nationality. But ...this proved hard to do. Ideas about racial or national difference were slippery, contested, and yet consequential—were "Hebrews" a "race, " a "religion, " or a "people"? As Joel Perlmann shows, a self-appointed pair of officials created the government's 1897 List of Races and Peoples, which shaped exclusionary immigration laws, the wording of the U.S. Census, and federal studies that informed social policy. Its categories served to maintain old divisions and establish new ones.Across the five decades ending in the 1920s, American immigration policy built increasingly upon the belief that some groups of immigrants were desirable, others not. Perlmann traces how the debates over this policy institutionalized race distinctions—between whites and nonwhites, but also among whites—in immigration laws that lasted four decades.Despite a gradual shift among social scientists from "race" to "ethnic group" after the 1920s, the diffusion of this key concept among government officials and the public remained limited until the end of the 1960s. Taking up dramatic changes to racial and ethnic classification since then, America Classifies the Immigrants concentrates on three crucial reforms to the American Census: the introduction of Hispanic origin and ancestry (1980), the recognition of mixed racial origins (2000), and a rethinking of the connections between race and ethnic group (proposed for 2020).
This is the official update on the status of evidence-based psychosocial interventions for ethnic minority youth. Compared to a decade ago, there has been expansion of well-designed intervention ...studies, growth in the number (not type) of interventions meeting evidence-based criteria, and greater focus on testing ethnicity/race moderator effects. In terms of standard of evidence, 4 psychosocial interventions are now well-established and 10 are probably efficacious or possibly efficacious, with most protocols drawing on cognitive and behavioral change procedures and/or family systems models. Yet the research literature remains mostly focused on testing interventions with European Americans (White Caucasians), and little to no progress has been made in testing the effects of interventions with Asian American or Native American youth. Knowledge of the effects of cultural tailoring on program engagement, outcomes, and mechanisms of change remains scant.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The possible reasons for excess mortality and poor outcomes in racial/ethnic minority populations with COVID-19 are examined. In this context, the pandemic offers a window of opportunity for ...achieving greater equity in the health care of all vulnerable populations. Research, public health and clinical interventions are then proposed to decrease health inequities in and beyond the pandemic.
For many years and increasingly in the last year, JAMA and the JAMA Network journals have published many important articles addressing disparities and racism in medical education, research, and ...health care1"9and highlighting initiatives to help address deep-rooted inequities.10"16 In these articles, as in others, terminology, usage, and word choice are critically important, especially when describing people and when discussing race and ethnicity. Inclusive language supports diversity and conveys respect. Language that imparts bias toward or against persons or groups based on characteristics or demographics must be avoided. The indistinct construct of racial and ethnic categories has been increasingly acknowledged, and the important sensitivities and controversies related to use of these terms in medical and health research, education, and practice have been progressively recognized. Accordingly, for articles published in medical and science journals, language and terminology must be accurate, clear, and precise, and must reflect fairness, equity, and consistency in use and reporting of race and ethnicity.
ABSTRACT
Background
Impostor syndrome is increasingly presented in the media and lay literature as a key behavioral health condition impairing professional performance and contributing to burnout. ...However, there is no published review of the evidence to guide the diagnosis or treatment of patients presenting with impostor syndrome.
Purpose
To evaluate the evidence on the prevalence, predictors, comorbidities, and treatment of impostor syndrome.
Data Sources
Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO (January 1966 to May 2018) and bibliographies of retrieved articles.
Study Selection
English-language reports of evaluations of the prevalence, predictors, comorbidities, or treatment of impostor syndrome.
Data Extraction
Two independent investigators extracted data on study variables (e.g., study methodology, treatments provided); participant variables (e.g., demographics, professional setting); diagnostic tools used, outcome variables (e.g., workplace performance, reductions in comorbid conditions); and pre-defined quality variables (e.g., human subjects approval, response rates reported).
Data Synthesis
In total, 62 studies of 14,161 participants met the inclusion criteria (half were published in the past 6 years). Prevalence rates of impostor syndrome varied widely from 9 to 82% largely depending on the screening tool and cutoff used to assess symptoms and were particularly high among ethnic minority groups. Impostor syndrome was common among both men and women and across a range of age groups (adolescents to late-stage professionals). Impostor syndrome is often comorbid with depression and anxiety and is associated with impaired job performance, job satisfaction, and burnout among various employee populations including clinicians. No published studies evaluated treatments for this condition.
Limitations
Studies were heterogeneous; publication bias may be present.
Conclusions
Clinicians and employers should be mindful of the prevalence of impostor syndrome among professional populations and take steps to assess for impostor feelings and common comorbidities. Future research should include evaluations of treatments to mitigate impostor symptoms and its common comorbidities.
Although socioeconomic status partly explains ethnic disparities seen with covid-19, cultural and structural racism also adversely affect health, argue Mohammad Razai and colleagues
There is a strong stigma attached to mental disorders preventing those affected from getting psychological help. The consequences of stigma are worse for racial and/or ethnic minorities compared to ...racial and/or ethnic majorities since the former often experience other social adversities such as poverty and discrimination within policies and institutions. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis summarizing the evidence on the impact of differences in mental illness stigma between racial minorities and majorities.
This systematic review and meta-analysis included cross-sectional studies comparing mental illness stigma between racial minorities and majorities. Systematic searches were conducted in the bibliographic databases of PubMed, PsycINFO and EMBASE until 20th December 2018. Outcomes were extracted from published reports, and meta-analyses, and meta-regression analyses were conducted in CMA software.
After screening 2787 abstracts, 29 studies with 193,418 participants (N = 35,836 in racial minorities) were eligible for analyses. Racial minorities showed more stigma than racial majorities (g = 0.20 (95% CI: 0.12 ~ 0.27) for common mental disorders. Sensitivity analyses showed robustness of these results. Multivariate meta-regression analyses pointed to the possible moderating role of the number of studies with high risk of bias on the effect size. Racial minorities have more stigma for common mental disorders when compared with majorities. Limitations included moderate to high risk of bias, high heterogeneity, few studies in most comparisons, and the use of non-standardized outcome measures.
Mental illness stigma is higher among ethnic minorities than majorities. An important clinical implication of these findings would be to tailor anti-stigma strategies related with mental illnesses according to specific racial and/or ethnic backgrounds with the intention to improve mental health outreach.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Highlights • Perceived great risk of regular cannabis use decreased between 2002 and 2012. • Non-daily cannabis use increased between 2002 and 2012. • Daily cannabis use increased between 2002 and ...2012.
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