This article examines the effect of ethnic diversity on social capital in Amsterdam neighbourhoods by looking at the effects of the ethnic diversity of a neighbourhood on the social networks that ...underpin civil society. A distinction is made between homogeneous, more individually oriented social networks, on the one hand, and horizontal heterogeneous networks on the other. The density of foundations—i.e. the number of foundations in a neighbourhood—is used as the indicator for the first type of networks and the density of leisure associations for the latter type. In addition, the study looks at the effect of a changing context in Amsterdam in which ethnic diversity has increasingly come to be perceived as problematic by inhabitants and local politicians. The results indeed show that ethnic diversity has a different effect on both forms of civil society: the horizontal heterogeneous networks suffer more from ethnic diversity than the homogeneous networks.
COVID-19 has changed our lives and it appears to be especially harmful for some groups more than others. Black and Asian ethnic minorities are at particular risk and have reported greater mortality ...and intensive care needs. Mental illnesses are more common among Black and ethnic minorities, as are crisis care pathways including compulsory admission. This editorial sets out what might underlie these two phenomena, explaining how societal structures and disadvantage generate and can escalate inequalities in crises.
Abstract
Introduction
Sleep duration disparities by Hispanic/Latino heritage exist; however, few studies have additionally investigated sleep quality disparities by heritage and birthplace, nor have ...studies compared foreign-born to US-born Non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs).
Methods
Using pooled 2004-2017 National Health Interview Survey data, we investigated whether sleep disparities varied by birthplace among adult NHWs and Hispanic/Latino heritage groups. Adjusting for sociodemographic and behavioral/clinical characteristics, survey-weighted Poisson regressions with robust variance estimated prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of self-reported sleep characteristics. Sleep characteristics were compared among foreign-born NHWs and Hispanic/Latino heritage groups vs. US-born NHWs. Sleep characteristics were also compared across Hispanic/Latino heritage groups vs. foreign-born NHWs.
Results
Among 254,699 participants (Meanage±SE: 47±0.9 years; 49% female), 81% self-identified as NHW (n=207,154), 12% Mexican (n=30,100), 2% Puerto Rican n=5,077), 1% Cuban(n=2,518), 1% Dominican (n=1,658), and 3% Central/South American (n=8,162). Compared to US-born NHWs, foreign-born NHWs were more likely to report >9-hours sleep duration (PR=1.1195% CI: 1.01-1.21) and poor sleep quality (e.g., PRtrouble staying asleep=1.271.17-1.37), and US-born Mexicans were no more likely to report shorter sleep duration while foreign-born Mexicans were less likely (PR<6-hours=0.520.47-0.57, PR6-<7-hours=0.720.68-0.76). Although US-born and foreign-born Mexicans had lower prevalence of poor sleep quality compared to US-born NHWs, PRs were lowest for foreign-born Mexicans. Compared to foreign-born NHWs, US-born Mexicans were more likely to report shorter sleep duration, but foreign-born Mexicans were no more likely. Regardless of birthplace, Puerto Ricans were more likely (e.g., PR<6-hours=1.371.24-1.60) and Cubans were less likely (e.g., PR<6-hours=0.810.68-0.96) to report shorter sleep duration vs. US-born NHWs. Compared to US-born NHWs, Dominicans reported better sleep duration and quality. Sleep duration and quality did not differ among Dominicans vs. foreign-born NHWs.
Conclusion
Sleep disparities varied by birthplace and Hispanic/Latino heritage. Birthplace of both NHWs and racial/ethnic minority groups should be considered in disparities research.
Support
This work was funded by the Intramural Program at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS, Z1AES103325-01) and the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities.
Racial/ethnic diversity remains poor in academic surgery. However, no study has quantified differences in the rates of retention and promotion of underrepresented minority (URM) academic surgeons.
...The American Association of Medical Colleges Faculty Roster was used to track all first-time assistant and associate professors appointed between 1/1/2003 and 12/31/2006. Primary endpoints were percent promotion and retention at ten-year follow-up.
Initially, the majority of assistant and associate professors of surgery were White (62%; 75%). Black assistant professors had lower 10-year promotion rates across all specialties (p < 0.01). There were no race/ethnicity-based differences in promotion for associate professors. Retention rates were higher for White assistant professors than Asian or Black/Hispanic/Other minority faculty (61.3% vs 52.8% vs. 50.8% respectively; p < 0.01). There was no difference in 10-year retention rates among associate professors based on race/ethnicity.
Underrepresented minority surgeons are less likely to remain in academia and Black assistant professors have the lowest rates of promotion. These findings highlight the need to develop institutional programs to better support and develop minority faculty members in academic medicine.
•Black assistant professors had the lowest promotion rates for all specialties.•Retention rates were significantly higher for White assistant professors.•There were no differences in promotion/retention rates for associate professors.
In 2006, the Guardian opened many of its articles to readers' comments to encourage a "conversation" between journalists and their readers. Readers responded enthusiastically, and by 2016 they had ...posted 70 million comments on the site. However, from the outset many journalists complained about the quality and tone of comments. Female and BAME (Black, Asian and minority ethnic) journalists in particular complained that they were subject to more abuse than their male, white counterparts. This study finds prima facie evidence to support the journalists' claims. Using comments that had been blocked by moderators as a proxy for abuse and dismissive trolling, it was found that articles written by women did attract a higher percentage of blocked comments than those written by men, regardless of the subject of the article; this effect was heightened when the articles ran in a particularly male-dominated section of the site. There was also evidence that articles written by BAME writers attracted disproportionate levels of blocked comments, even though the research was not designed to reveal this. Preliminary research findings were published in the Guardian and readers were invited to comment on them. Guardian journalists' experiences of comments were also surveyed. Both sets of responses are analysed here, in order to explore the contested nature of online abuse in an online news media environment, and to evaluate the potential of comments to "democratise" journalism.
BACKGROUND: A large percentage (68%) of children under age 3 use screen media, such as television, DVDs and video games, on a daily basis. Research suggests that increased screen time in young ...children is linked to negative health outcomes, including increased BMI, decreased cognitive and language development and reduced academic success. Reviews on correlates of screen time for young children have included preschool age children and children up to age 7; however, none have focused specifically on correlates among infants and toddlers. As research suggests that screen media use increases with age, examining correlates of early media exposure is essential to reducing exposure later in life. Thus, this paper systemically reviews literature published between January 1999 and January 2013 on correlates of screen time among children between 0 and 36 months of age. METHODS: Two methods were used to conduct this review: (1) Computerized searches of databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC, Medline); and (2) Reference sections of existing reviews and primary studies. Inclusion criteria were: (1) The article included separate data for children 36 months and younger, (2) English language, (3) peer reviewed article, (4) analysis reported for screen viewing as a dependent variable, (5) original research article and, (6) examined correlates or associations between screen time and other demographic, contextual or behavioral variables. Articles were compiled between 2011 and 2013 and evaluation occurred in 2012 and 2013. RESULTS: The literature search identified 29 studies that met inclusion criteria. These studies investigated a total of 33 potential correlates, which were examined in this review. Findings suggest demographic variables most commonly correlated with high screen time among infants and toddlers are child’s age (older) and race/ethnicity (minority). Child BMI, maternal distress/depression, television viewing time of the mother and cognitive stimulation in the home environment were also associated with screen media use. Studies reported that child sex, first born status, paternal education, non-English speaking family, two-parent household, number of children in the home and non-parental childcare were not associated with screen time among children aged 0–36 months. Associations were unclear (fewer than 60% of studies report an association) for maternal age, maternal education and household income. The remaining correlates were investigated in fewer than three studies and thus not coded for an association. CONCLUSIONS: The correlates identified in this study point to avenues for intervention to reduce screen time use in young children. However, further research is necessary to explore a number of environmental, socio-cultural and behavioral correlates that are under-examined in this population and may further inform prevention and intervention strategies.
The Mulam are an ethnic group native to Guangxi, and nearly 80% of the Mulam population lives in Luocheng Mulam Autonomous County, northern Guangxi, southern China. They have accumulated rich ...medicinal folk knowledge through practice and experience in their long-term struggles with disease and the harsh natural environment. However, their traditional medicinal knowledge is threatened due to a lack of written records, conservative inheritance patterns, and rapid economic development. Therefore, the investigation and documentation of medicinal plants and their associated indigenous wisdom are necessary.
Ethnobotanical data were collected from 12 villages and five communities in Luocheng County from January 2013 to April 2017. A total of 128 informants were interviewed through semistructured interviews, field observations, group discussions, and guided field walks. Quantitative indices such as use categories, preference ranking exercises, the informant consensus factor (ICF), and the fidelity level (FL) were used to evaluate the importance of medicinal plant species. Additionally, group discussions were conducted about the conservation of and threats to medicinal plants and traditional knowledge.
A total of 456 medicinal plant species from 350 genera and 132 families were recorded and documented in our ethnobotanical investigation. Most of them (335 species, 73.47%) were obtained from wild habitats. Most of the documented species (246) were herbaceous (54%), followed by shrubs, with 76 species (17%), lianas, with 75 species (16%), and trees, with 59 species (13%). The most common method of administration was oral administration, which was used for 390 species (62.70%). The most common method of preparation was decoction (316 species, 54.11%). The plants were used to treat 312 human diseases in 12 disease categories, and most of the categories had a high ICF value. The highest ICF value was recorded for gynecological ailments (0.92), followed by nervous and psychosomatic problems (0.90) and digestive system diseases (0.89). Traditional medicinal knowledge and medicinal plants are under threat due to conservative inheritance processes and anthropogenic pressures for various reasons.
A rich diversity of medicinal plants is distributed in the Mulam area, and these plants play an important role in healthcare among the Mulam people. Mulam people are skilled in using the plants in their surroundings to treat diseases in their daily lives. However, their traditional medicinal knowledge and medicinal plants are greatly threatened by rapid economic development for various reasons. Thus, policies and practices for the conservation of medicinal plants and the associated traditional knowledge are necessary.
On 8 December 2020 NHS England administered the first COVID-19 vaccination.
To describe trends and variation in vaccine coverage in different clinical and demographic groups in the first 100 days of ...the vaccine rollout.
With the approval of NHS England, a cohort study was conducted of 57.9 million patient records in general practice in England,
and within the infrastructure of the electronic health record software vendors EMIS and TPP using OpenSAFELY.
Vaccine coverage across various subgroups of Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) priority cohorts is described.
A total of 20 852 692 patients (36.0%) received a vaccine between 8 December 2020 and 17 March 2021. Of patients aged ≥80 years not in a care home (JCVI group 2) 94.7% received a vaccine, but with substantial variation by ethnicity (White 96.2%, Black 68.3%) and deprivation (least deprived 96.6%, most deprived 90.7%). Patients with pre-existing medical conditions were more likely to be vaccinated with two exceptions: severe mental illness (89.5%) and learning disability (91.4%). There were 275 205 vaccine recipients who were identified as care home residents (JCVI group 1; 91.2% coverage). By 17 March, 1 257 914 (6.0%) recipients had a second dose.
The NHS rapidly delivered mass vaccination. In this study a data-monitoring framework was deployed using publicly auditable methods and a secure
processing model, using linked but pseudonymised patient-level NHS data for 57.9 million patients. Targeted activity may be needed to address lower vaccination coverage observed among certain key groups.
Violent acts on university campuses are becoming more frequent. Enrollment rates of Latinos at universities is increasing. Research has indicated that youths are more susceptible to trauma, ...particularly Latinos. Thus, it is imperative to evaluate the validity of commonly used posttraumatic stress measures among Latino college students. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) is one of the most commonly used metrics of posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. However, it is largely unknown if the IES-R is measuring the same construct across different sub-samples (e.g. Latino versus non-Latino). The current study aimed to assess measurement invariance for the IES-R between Latino and non-Latino participants. A total of 545 participants completed the IES-R. One- and three-factor scoring solutions were compared using confirmatory factor analyses. Measurement invariance was then evaluated by estimating several multiple-group confirmatory factor analytic models. Four models with an increasing degree of invariance across groups were compared. A significant χ2 difference test was used to indicate a significant change in model fit between nested models within the measurement invariance testing process. The three-factor scoring solution could not be used for the measurement invariance process because the subscale correlations were too high for estimation (rs 0.92-1.00). Therefore, the one-factor model was used for the invariance testing process. Invariance was met for each level of invariance: configural, metric, scalar, and strict. All measurement invariance testing results indicated that the one-factor solution for the IES-R was equivalent for the Latino and non-Latino participants.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This article critically examines the recent literature on stigma that addresses the overspread association among the COVID-19 pandemic and racial and ethnic groups (i.e., mainland Chinese and East ...Asian populations) assumed to be the source of the virus.The analysis begins by reviewing the way in which infectious diseases have historically been associated with developing countries and their citizens, which, in turn, are supposed to become prime vectors of contagion. The latter extends to the current labeling of COVID-19 as the "Chinese virus," that-along with a number of other terms-has fueled race-based stigma against Asian groups in the United States and overseas. This review further discusses the limitations of current COVID-19 antistigma initiatives that mostly focus on individual-based education campaigns as opposed to multisectorial programs informed by human rights and intersectional perspectives.Finally, the article ends with a call to the international public health community toward addressing the most recent outbreak of stigma, one that has revealed the enormous impact of words in amplifying racial bias against particular minority populations in the developed world.
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