ONTOGENETIC AND PHYLOGENETIC DIMENSIONS OF LANGUAGE CHANGE IN GRAMMAR This paper discusses selected aspects of the theory of linguistic change in grammar. The main assumption is the claim that the ...development of the categorial functions of natural languages throughout the time (phylogenesis) mostly coincides with the stadiums of the acquisition of the same categories by an individual (ontogenesis). Using the examples of the development and acquisition of strong and weak verb forms in Germanic languages and the categorial links between aspectuality, temporality and modality of the verb, different stages that characterise the linguistic changes in question are analysed in comparison with the stages of their acquisition in the process of language acquisition among children between 2 and 14 years of age. The analysis proves that the connections between ontogenesis and phylogenesis are complex, so they cannot be always explained in a simple and definite manner. The change in either sphere has its own specific features and runs mutatis mutandis in both spheres.
Artritis-encefalitis koza (AEK) je neizlječiva virusna bolest proširena u većini zemalja koje se bave intenzivnim uzgojem koza. Ekonomsko značenje ove bolesti očituje se uginućem jaradi, smanjenim ...prirastom
i mliječnošću, prijevremenim lučenjem iz uzgoja. U razdoblju od 2012. do 2019. godine na području 16 županija u Republici Hrvatskoj
pretraženo je 10 715 uzoraka krvi, a tijekom tog osmogodišnjeg razdoblja specifična protutijela za virus AEK bila su potvrđena u
4 353 uzoraka krvnog seruma pa zaključno možemo govoriti o seroprevalenciji od 40,62 %. Rezultati genotipiziranja odabranih
sojeva LVMP ukazuju na cirkulaciju genetske skupine A i B u populaciji koza i to su prva takva istraživanja provedena u Hrvatskoj.
Dokaz prisutnosti genotipa A u stadu koza u kojem je istovremeno dokazan i genotip B ukazuje na činjenicu da sojevi LVMP nisu
ograničeni na jednu vrstu već da sojevi MVV koji se uglavnom nalaze u ovaca, cirkuliraju i u koza. Rezultati višegodišnjeg istraživanja
provedenog na Hrvaskom veterinarskom institutu ukazuju na široku rasprostranjenost virusa AEK u uzgojima koza u Republici Hrvatskoj. Ako znamo da jednom zaražena jedinka ostaje doživotni nositelj i prenositelj virusa postavlja se pitanje uspješnosti cijele proizvodnje pa je stoga jedini dugoročno održiv način uzgoja uzgoj slobodan od AEK.
U radu se obrađuju problemi filogeneze i ontogeneze jezika odmicanjem od opće hipoteze Niklasa Luhmanna o suevoluciji psihičkih i društvenih sustava. U pogledu filogeneze jezika, naglasak je u ...Luhmannovoj teoriji smješten na »predjezični medij komunikacije« sačinjen od gesta, koji je mogao biti temelj poticanja evolucije jezika. Ta vrsta komunikacije omogućuje pojavu određenoga društvenog poretka. Problem je bio u nemogućnosti identificiranja toga društvenog poretka jednim od primarnih oblika socijetalne diferencijacije. Autor ovog rada nastojao je protumačiti u kojim se socijetalnim kontekstima »pojavljuje« predjezik. U tu se svrhu oslonio na sistemsko-funkcionalnu lingvistiku Michaela Hallidaya. U pogledu ontogeneze jezika, pozornost je usmjerena na koncepte djelovanja i iskustva. Kao polazna točka za to poslužila je kritika Ilje Srubara upućena Luhmannovoj teoriji jezika, prema kojoj se na stjecanje jezika može gledati kao na proces prevođenja shema djelovanja u jezične sheme. To uključuje nativističko viđenje jezika koje su odbacili i Luhmann i Halliday, od kojih je potonji sugerirao kako je nemoguće govoriti o prevođenju nejezičnih i predjezičnih
spoznajnih shema u jezični oblik, jer ne postoji model iskustva koji prethodi jezičnim kategorijama. Autor je i ovdje nastojao pokazati da sistemsko-funkcionalna lingvistika može biti korisna u popunjavanju praznina koje je u tumačenju ontogeneze jezike za sobom ostavila Luhmannova sistemska teorija.
Adaptation of life to the environment occurs at two levels - that of an individual and that of a population. In the first step of the process of adaptation variability is produced. It provides ...necessary material for the second step - selection. Variability is generated during the phylogeny, from one generation to the next. However, variability can also be generated during individual ontogeny at least by protective mechanisms of instinctive behaviors of animals and conscious cultural human actions. Variability originates from point mutations and chromosomal aberrations occurring during transmission of genetic material from generation to generation and through activation, or deactivation, of genes that alters their expression. This variability determines phenotypic differences among individuals. Variability thus produced is subjected to selection because how a phenotype is formed determines its ability to survive and to produce offspring. In human populations, adaptation occurs via biological and via cultural processes. Humans with their culture - especially medicine and social care - protect lives of individuals who otherwise would have been eliminated by natural selection.Hereditary differences among various geographic groups of modern people occur with low frequency - just a fraction of a percentage point. From observations of phenotypes it can be concluded that both structural alterations in the DNA and differences in gene expression cause variations, the majority of genes are inactive at various stages of ontogeny, while various portions of the genotype become active at different times in the life of an individual.Environment influences variation in three ways: (1) by causing mutations or by altering gene expression and (2) by providing conditions for the formation of a phenotype coded by a particular genotype and (3) as a factor of selection, including occurrence of cultural behaviors modifying effects of natural selection. It seems that the main aim of future research in human ecology should be search for the answer to following questions: 1. Can gene expression be changed during ontogeny? 2. To what extent such changes can be inherited? 3. To what extent is there an increase in the occurrence of genes that do not allow survival without special care (genetic load), and 4. How will all this influence future of our species?
Chelon caeruleum sp. nov. opisana je kao nova vrsta cipla nađenog u Rashidovom obalnom području Sredozemnog mora u Egiptu. S ovim nalazom, nova vrsta je šesti član roda Chelon. Chelon caeruleum sp. ...nov. razlikuje se od njegovih srodnika sljedećim obilježjima: dorzalna boja tijela je tamnoplavo do siva, a lateralne strane su plave; duljina glave je od 20,5 do 21,6% od SD (standardne duljine); širina glave 13 do 13,5% SD; duljina prva leđne peraje 50% SD; promjer oka 4,6 do 5,2% SD; postorbitalna duljina 10,7 do 11,1% SD; posjeduje 2 kratka i 4 duga nerazgranata pilorična nastavka; kralježnična neuralna postzigapofiza se nalazi na drugom kralješku. DNK Chelon caeruleum sp. nov. i ostalih pet analiziranih vrsta cipla (Mugil cephalus, Liza carinata, Liza ramada, Liza aurata i Chelon labrosus) je ekstrahirana, umnožena reakcijom lančane polimeraze (PCR) te sekvencionirana. Analiza sekvenci mtDNA citokrom oksidaze podjedinice I potvrdila je da se Chelon caeruleum sp. nov. razlikuje se od ostalih srodnika roda Chelon.
The increasing availability of molecular and genetic databases coupled with the growing power of computers gives biologists opportunities to address new issues, such as the patterns of molecular ...evolution, and re-assess old ones, such as the role of adaptation in species diversification.This book integrates a wide variety of data analysis methods into a single and flexible interface: the R language. This open source language is available for a wide range of computer systems and has been adopted as a computational environment bymany authors of statistical software. Adopting R as a main tool for phylogenetic analyses will ease the workflow in biologists' data analyses, ensure greater scientific repeatability, and enhance the exchange of ideas and methodological developments.Graduate students and researchers in evolutionary biology can use this book as a reference for data analyses, whereas researchers in bioinformatics interested in evolutionary analyses will learn how to implement these methods in R. The book starts with a presentation of different R packages and gives a short introduction to R for phylogeneticists unfamiliar with this language. The basic phylogenetic topics are covered: manipulation of phylogenetic data, phylogeny estimation, tree drawing, phylogenetic comparative methods, and estimation of ancestral characters. The chapter on tree drawing uses R's powerful graphical environment. A section deals with the analysis of diversification with phylogenies, one of the author's favorite research topics. The last chapter is devoted to the development of phylogenetic methods with R and interfaces with other languages (C and C++). Some exercises conclude these chapters.
U radu se prikazuju sistematika, biologija, areal rasprostranjenosti i mjere zaštita vrste riba iz porodice Acipenseridae. Posebno se iznose problemi i mogućnosti uzgoja pojedinih vrsta jesetri u ...akvakulturi. Dosadašnjim rezultatima uzgoja jesetri u češkoj akvakulturi utvrđeno je da najveći problemi nastaju u početnoj fazi uzgoja mlađa, nakon prelaska ličinki na egzogenu prehranu, te, poslije, kad jednogodišnji mlađ prelazi s prirodne na industrijsku hranu. Na početku uzgoja gubitci su veći od 50%. Gubitci se smanjuju kad mlađ postigne individualnu masu od 1 g, a minimalni su kad se mlađ adaptira na granuliranu, industrijsku hranu. Vrijeme ovisnosti mlađa o prirodnoj hrani različito je kod različitih vrsta jesetri i kreće se od velićine 2-3 cm (sibirska jesetra) do 10-12 cm (moruna).
U akvakulturi se u jesen postže masa riba 250-450 g (veslonos), 450-500 g (moruna), 550-650 g (sibirska jesetra).
Dosadašnjim je rezultatima istraživanja utvrđeno da dobra prilagodljivost i zahtjevnost okolišnih uvjeta, kao i brzi rast uz uporabu industrijske hrane, daje velike mogućnosti za uzgoj jesetri u različitim akvakulturnim sustavima.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Bibliogr. p. 15-17- Taxa in Latin.- Zawiera materiały z XI Miedzynarodowego Kongresu Myriapodologicznego- Bibliogr. s. 15-17- Nazwy ...taksonów również łac.- Zawiera materiały z XI Miedzynarodowego Kongresu Myriapodologicznego- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Bibliogr. p. 496-499. Indeks- Bibliogr. s. 496-499. Indeks- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction ...under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Bibliogr. p. 572-573- Bibliogr. s. 572-573- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative ...Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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