When Finland gained its independence from Russia in 1917, the country had not had a military for almost two decades. The ensuing creation of a new national conscript army aroused intense but ...conflicting emotions among the Finns. This book examines how a modern conscript army, born out of a civil war, had to struggle through social, cultural and political minefields to find popular acceptance. Exploring the ways that images of manhood were used in the controversies, it reveals the conflicts surrounding compulsory military service in a democratic society and the compromises made as the new nation had to develop the will and skill to defend itself.
Through the lens of masculinity, another picture of conscription emerges, offering new understandings of why military service was resisted and supported, dreaded and celebrated in Finnish society. Intertwined with the story of the making of the military runs the story of how manhood was made and remade through the idealized images and real-life experiences of conscripted soldiers.
Placing interwar Finland within a broad European context, the book traces the origins of competing military traditions and ideological visions of modern male citizenship back to their continental origins. It contributes to the need for studies on the impact of the Great War on masculinities and constructions of gender among military cultures in the peacetime period between the two world wars.
Constructed wetlands and ponds (CWs) are installed to trap suspended material and particulate phosphorus (P) in agricultural runoff. This study investigated whether the P speciation and P sorption ...capacity of source soils differ from those of CW sediments and whether drying of dredged sediment changes its characteristics. Samples collected from five agricultural CW sites in south-west Finland, two with chemical-aided (aluminium chloride and ferric sulphate) P precipitation and all representing fine-textured mineral soils, were analysed for various P plant availability indices. Clay contents of the CW sediments were much higher than in catchment soils, likely because of selective erosion. All CW sediments were characterised by similar total P content but clearly higher content of anion exchange resin-extractable P in fresh sediments than the source soils. In general, sediment content of NH4F-extractable (aluminium (Al)-associated) P was significantly lower and NaOH-extractable (iron (Fe)-associated) significantly higher than in source soils. Reduced conditions, conducive to mobilisation of Fe-associated P, were observed in all CWs. Accumulation of sulphur (S) in sediments and a pH decline of up to two units upon drying suggested presence of Fe sulphides. Drying also increased oxalate-extractable Al and Fe (hydr)oxide content by 9–47%, resulting in lower degree of P saturation. These results indicate that dredged CW sediments differ greatly in their P retention characteristics from their parent soils. Returning CW sediments to fields is likely to decrease the amount of readily available P for crop uptake.
•We characterised parent soils and agricultural constructed wetland sediments.•Runoff process altered phosphorus speciation of eroded soil material.•Drying of dredged sediment increases phosphorus adsorption capacity.•High sulphur accumulation into the constructed wetland sediments was observed.
The Åland Strait Kleemola-Juntunen, Pirjo
2019, 2019-03-19, Letnik:
18
eBook
The Âland Strait is a particularly important sea route connecting the Gulf of Bothnia with the Baltic Sea between Sweden and the Âland Islands. The Âland Strait is closely connected to the Âland ...Islands, which were demilitarised in the international legal treaty ending the Crimean War in the 1850s. Following World War I, the Âland Strait was also regulated by the 1921 Convention relating to the Non-fortification of and Neutralisation of the Âland Islands. This book is the first to examine passage rights in the Âland Strait according to the Law of the Sea and its long history in times of war and peace.
At the close of the twentieth century, Denmark, Finland, and Ireland emerged as unlikely centers for high-tech competition. InWhen Small States Make Big Leaps, Darius Ornston reveals how these ...historically low-tech countries managed to assume leading positions in new industries such as biotechnology, software, and telecommunications equipment. In each case, countries used institutions that are commonly perceived to delay restructuring to accelerate the redistribution of resources to emerging enterprises and industries.
Ornston draws on interviews with hundreds of politicians, policymakers, and industry representatives to identify two different patterns of institutional innovation and economic restructuring. Irish policymakers worked with industry and labor representatives to contain costs and expand market competition. Denmark and Finland adopted a different strategy, converting an established tradition of private-public and industry-labor cooperation to invest in high-quality inputs such as human capital and research. Both strategies facilitated movement into new high-tech industries but with distinctive political and economic consequences. In explaining how previously slow-moving states entered dynamic new industries, Ornston identifies a broader range of strategies by which countries can respond to disruptive challenges such as economic internationalization, rapid technological innovation, and the shift to services.
In 100 years as a nation-state, Finland has become the world's benchmark for quality in school education. Despite the fact that Finland is consistently top ranked by international performance ...measures, the country continues to rapidly change their curriculum and educational policies. This book documents these main curricula changes, telling the story of the future of school education in Finland as it begins to develop in 2016, 2017, and 2018 onwards. Drawing from 14 original case studies, the book presents the stories of 14 principals and 29 teachers with a systematic and methodological uniformity. Intertwining the Finnish example with a greater narrative about how universities are changing their teacher education to face the complex challenges of education in the 21st century, this book documents cutting-edge advancement in the field of international school education.
This paper provides a general overview of changes in flooding caused by climate change in Finland for the periods 2010–2039 and 2070–2099. Changes in flooding were evaluated at 67 sites in Finland ...with variable sizes of runoff areas using a conceptual hydrological model and 20 climate scenarios from both global and regional climate models with the delta change approach. Floods with a 100-year return period were estimated with frequency analysis using the Gumbel distribution. At four study sites depicting different watershed types and hydrology, the inundation areas of the 100-year floods were simulated with a 2D hydraulic model. The results demonstrate that the impacts of climate change are not uniform within Finland due to regional differences in climatic conditions and watershed properties. In snowmelt-flood dominated areas, annual floods decreased or remained unchanged due to decreasing snow accumulation. On the other hand, increased precipitation resulted in growing floods in major central lakes and their outflow rivers. The changes in flood inundation did not linearly follow the changes in 100-year discharges, due to varying characteristics of river channels and floodplains. The results highlight the importance of comprehensive climatological and hydrological knowledge and the use of several climate scenarios in estimation of climate change impacts on flooding. Generalisations based on only a few case studies, or large scale flood assessments using only a few climate scenarios should be avoided in countries with variable hydrological conditions.
The ages and sizes of landslides occurring in seismically active areas can be used to reconstruct the seismic history of the area and estimate the maximum moment magnitudes of past earthquakes. Here, ...we present a data set of 121 landslides discovered in northern Finland that were analyzed for their morphometric characteristics. We show that 89 debris slide type landslides in the data set are clustered close to known postglacial faults (PGFs) and thus provide information on the characteristics of postglacial paleoseismic events. By using empirical correlations between the landslide volume–area data and earthquake moment magnitude, we estimate maximum moment magnitudes Mw≈6.9–7.7 for postglacial earthquakes in the Suasselkä, Isovaara–Riikonkumpu, Venejärvi, and Vaalajärvi areas, where earlier estimates based on fault length and displacement have yielded magnitudes varying between Mw≈6.5 and 7.5. We also show that the landslides in northern Finland are located within a radius of 35km from the closest known PGF and that sizes of the landslides decrease as a function of distance from PGFs, hence providing strong empirical evidence for their seismic origin. As far as we are aware, this is the first use of landside data in quantifying postglacial seismicity within the Fennoscandian Shield area.
•121 landslides from Finland were analyzed for morphology and paleoearthquake origin.•Debris slide type of landslides fulfills the criteria of being seismically-induced.•Landslide volume–area data indicate Mw≈6.9–7.7 postglacial earthquakes in Finland.•These estimates agree well with Mw≈6.5–7.5 estimates that are based on PGF ruptures.
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